導語：隧道下穿(chuan)鐵路施工安全風險(xian)管控研究一文(wen)來源于網友上傳，不代表本(ben)站(zhan)觀點(dian)，若需(xu)要(yao)原創文(wen)章可咨詢客服老師，歡迎(ying)參考。

摘要：通過滇中引水工程，在螺峰山隧道下穿玉蒙鐵路漢邑隧道采用有效的超前地質預報、合理的工法選擇、健全的監測體系以及完善的應急救援組織成功實現安全穿越，對水工隧道下穿鐵路營業線施工安全技術進行(xing)了較為全面的分析和總(zong)結(jie)，為此類工程安全施工提供和積累了極為寶貴的經驗成果。

關鍵詞：水工隧道；運營鐵路；施工安全；風險管控

1前言

中國水資源較為匱乏，而且分布極其不均勻，因此南水北調、滇中引水等水資源調配工程應運而生，此類工程一般跨越區域大，影響范圍廣。中國鐵路近20年來的高速發展，引水隧道與鐵路線相交、沖突的工況很多，而鐵路作為國民經濟的大動脈，營業線安全關系著國計民生，如何實現水工隧道安全穿越鐵路線的施工技術有很大的研究和實(shi)用(yong)價值(zhi)。本文以滇(dian)中引水工程螺(luo)峰山隧道(dao)的成(cheng)功下穿玉蒙鐵路漢(han)邑隧道(dao)對此(ci)類(lei)工程的施工安全技術進行分析和歸納，為類(lei)似工程提供有成(cheng)功實(shi)例的借鑒。

2工程概況

螺峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)(shan)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)位于(yu)云(yun)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)省玉(yu)溪市區(qu)，隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)走(zou)向(xiang)(xiang)由(you)北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)，全長14571m。隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)橫斷面為(wei)城門洞(dong)型，寬4.12m，高4.86m，開(kai)挖(wa)面積約18.52m2，為(wei)輸水隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)。隧(sui)(sui)(sui)區(qu)為(wei)侵蝕地貌、構造侵蝕溶蝕地貌。隧(sui)(sui)(sui)洞(dong)沿線地形坡(po)度20°～40°。地層巖(yan)(yan)(yan)性有(you)長石石英(ying)砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、砂巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、泥(ni)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、礫(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、泥(ni)灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)。隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)穿(chuan)越(yue)小江、西有(you)普(pu)渡河、南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)臨曲江等(deng)(deng)斷裂帶。螺峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)(shan)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)與玉(yu)蒙(meng)鐵(tie)(tie)路漢邑隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)為(wei)交(jiao)叉(cha)關系：螺峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)(shan)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)前段(duan)由(you)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)往南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)施(shi)工，玉(yu)蒙(meng)鐵(tie)(tie)路隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)為(wei)西北(bei)(bei)向(xiang)(xiang)東南(nan)(nan)(nan)(nan)走(zou)向(xiang)(xiang)。螺峰(feng)(feng)山(shan)(shan)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)YX61+527.078與玉(yu)（溪）蒙(meng)（自）鐵(tie)(tie)路存在立體交(jiao)叉(cha)，交(jiao)叉(cha)段(duan)為(wei)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)洞(dong)下穿(chuan)鐵(tie)(tie)路隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，穿(chuan)越(yue)處為(wei)五級圍(wei)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)，洞(dong)身段(duan)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)體較破碎，厚度約32m，大于(yu)3倍(bei)洞(dong)高，該處隧(sui)(sui)(sui)洞(dong)埋深100～110m，如圖(tu)1所示。

3風險分析及(ji)對(dui)應措施(shi)

螺(luo)峰山(shan)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)爆(bao)破(po)(po)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)爆(bao)破(po)(po)震動、沖擊(ji)波、噪聲等(deng)對鐵路運(yun)營會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)，特別是爆(bao)破(po)(po)震動對營業線運(yun)營安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)較大，為控制(zhi)重點。為確保(bao)玉蒙鐵路漢(han)(han)邑隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)運(yun)營安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)和(he)螺(luo)峰山(shan)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)，首先(xian)應(ying)進行有(you)效的(de)(de)超前(qian)(qian)地質預(yu)報，精確掌握影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)洞段的(de)(de)圍巖情況(kuang)；合理選擇交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)段施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)法，螺(luo)峰山(shan)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)與鐵路交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)段前(qian)(qian)后各200m范(fan)圍采(cai)用(yong)(yong)機械或(huo)人(ren)工(gong)進行開挖；與鐵路交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)段前(qian)(qian)后各1km范(fan)圍（不含交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)段前(qian)(qian)后200m）采(cai)用(yong)(yong)控制(zhi)爆(bao)破(po)(po)；采(cai)用(yong)(yong)有(you)效的(de)(de)監測手段對漢(han)(han)邑隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)和(he)螺(luo)峰山(shan)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)進行監控，掌握變(bian)化動態。最后，應(ying)建立(li)應(ying)急救援體(ti)系，防患于未然，確保(bao)鐵路隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)運(yun)營和(he)水(shui)工(gong)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)。

4超前地質預報

多種類相印(yin)證的(de)(de)預(yu)(yu)報(bao)方法(fa)如下。地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)分析法(fa)：利(li)用(yong)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)和(he)現代物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)等(deng)手段(duan)(duan)，探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)隧道巖(yan)土(tu)體開(kai)挖面(mian)前(qian)方的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情況(kuang)，在施工前(qian)通(tong)(tong)過分析隧道介(jie)質(zhi)物(wu)(wu)性(xing)(xing)差異特點，掌(zhang)握前(qian)方的(de)(de)巖(yan)土(tu)體結構、性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)、狀(zhuang)態以及地(di)(di)(di)下水的(de)(de)賦存情況(kuang)、地(di)(di)(di)應(ying)力(li)情況(kuang)等(deng)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)信息。加(jia)深炮(pao)孔(kong)法(fa)：應(ying)在施工超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)預(yu)(yu)報(bao)洞段(duan)(duan)全覆(fu)蓋（采用(yong)超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)洞段(duan)(duan)除外），前(qian)后(hou)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)循環宜(yi)有(you)適(shi)當重(zhong)合段(duan)(duan)。揭示(shi)巖(yan)溶或者地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)條件復雜(za)時(shi)應(ying)增加(jia)孔(kong)數。超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)：超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)水平鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)相比加(jia)深炮(pao)孔(kong)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)距離(li)較長(chang)，花(hua)費時(shi)間也較多，一(yi)般每(mei)次鉆(zhan)(zhan)30m，搭接5m。主(zhu)要(yao)布(bu)置(zhi)在地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)復雜(za)洞段(duan)(duan)，與(yu)加(jia)深炮(pao)孔(kong)形(xing)成(cheng)長(chang)短(duan)結合的(de)(de)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)測(ce)，每(mei)斷面(mian)根(gen)據情況(kuang)布(bu)1～3個孔(kong)。長(chang)距離(li)物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)法(fa)：以TRT為主(zhu)。通(tong)(tong)過對(dui)人造地(di)(di)(di)震波的(de)(de)收集分析和(he)成(cheng)像(xiang)，形(xing)成(cheng)隧洞地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情況(kuang)三維成(cheng)像(xiang)，每(mei)次可以預(yu)(yu)測(ce)長(chang)度約120m。短(duan)距離(li)物(wu)(wu)探(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)法(fa)：以地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)雷達法(fa)為主(zhu)，利(li)用(yong)雷波對(dui)前(qian)方0～35m地(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)情況(kuang)進(jin)行預(yu)(yu)測(ce)。

5施(shi)工工法及控制(zhi)措施(shi)

螺峰(feng)山隧(sui)道(dao)下(xia)穿玉蒙鐵路交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)(duan)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)各1km范圍（不(bu)(bu)含交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)(duan)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)200m），采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，鐵路隧(sui)道(dao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)振動速度不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2cm/s。5.1控(kong)(kong)(kong)制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)計爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)試驗及參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)選(xuan)(xuan)擇：施(shi)(shi)工前(qian)(qian)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)工藝試驗確定爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)；對(dui)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)優(you)化(hua)(hua)，控(kong)(kong)(kong)制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)振動速度小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2cm/s。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)器(qi)材如(ru)(ru)表1所示(shi)，采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)φ32乳化(hua)(hua)炸藥(yao)。該(gai)類(lei)炸藥(yao)主要(yao)(yao)性能(neng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：藥(yao)卷密度為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.95～1.25g/cm3，殉爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)距(ju)離(li)(li)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)3cm，猛度大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)12mm，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)速大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)3200m/s，爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)力大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)等于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)320mL。雷管采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)非(fei)電毫秒(miao)(miao)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)雷管，連接擊發(fa)管擊發(fa)針(zhen)引(yin)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)。非(fei)電毫秒(miao)(miao)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)雷管共(gong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)1～9號奇數(shu)(shu)(shu)段(duan)(duan)位(wei)。掏槽(cao)(cao)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)：根據(ju)斷面尺寸及圍巖(yan)(yan)特性采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)楔形(xing)掏槽(cao)(cao)，掏槽(cao)(cao)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)選(xuan)(xuan)擇在(zai)隧(sui)洞中(zhong)(zhong)線位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)：周邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)(yan)距(ju)離(li)(li)周邊(bian)(bian)輪(lun)(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)線20cm處開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)鉆眼(yan)(yan)，眼(yan)(yan)底(di)向(xiang)(xiang)輪(lun)(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)線方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)傾斜，硬(ying)巖(yan)(yan)可達(da)到(dao)或稍超出(chu)輪(lun)(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)線位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，中(zhong)(zhong)硬(ying)巖(yan)(yan)眼(yan)(yan)底(di)距(ju)輪(lun)(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)線約(yue)0.1m，軟巖(yan)(yan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)垂直眼(yan)(yan)，周邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)(yan)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)(bu)耦合(he)(he)裝藥(yao)及間隔(ge)裝藥(yao)（通過(guo)(guo)(guo)實驗確定參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)），再通過(guo)(guo)(guo)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效果對(dui)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修(xiu)正。具體如(ru)(ru)表2所示(shi)。Ⅳ、Ⅴ類(lei)圍巖(yan)(yan)鉆爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)設(she)計：采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)光面爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)，掏槽(cao)(cao)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)二級楔形(xing)掏槽(cao)(cao)，掏槽(cao)(cao)眼(yan)(yan)長度比輔助(zhu)眼(yan)(yan)深(shen)0.1～0.2m。周邊(bian)(bian)眼(yan)(yan)間距(ju)0.40～0.35m，線裝藥(yao)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)度q為(wei)(wei)(wei)0.2～0.3kg/m，每(mei)循環開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)進(jin)尺控(kong)(kong)(kong)按(an)(an)1.6～1.8m進(jin)行(xing)(xing)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制。Ⅳ類(lei)圍巖(yan)(yan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)(ru)圖(tu)(tu)2所示(shi)。Ⅴ類(lei)圍巖(yan)(yan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)炮(pao)眼(yan)(yan)布置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如(ru)(ru)圖(tu)(tu)3所示(shi)堵(du)塞方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)：嚴格按(an)(an)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)設(she)計圖(tu)(tu)裝約(yue)，炮(pao)泥堵(du)塞長度不(bu)(bu)小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)20cm。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)效果檢查和(he)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)優(you)化(hua)(hua)：爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)應(ying)對(dui)超欠挖(wa)(wa)，開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)輪(lun)(lun)廓(kuo)(kuo)、進(jin)尺及石渣塊大(da)(da)小(xiao)(xiao)等進(jin)行(xing)(xing)檢查，當(dang)存在(zai)問題時(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)有針(zhen)對(dui)性地(di)調整爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)參(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)數(shu)(shu)(shu)。爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)振動控(kong)(kong)(kong)制和(he)驗算(suan)：根據(ju)GB6722—2014《爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)安(an)全(quan)(quan)規程(cheng)》規定，鐵路隧(sui)道(dao)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)振動速度不(bu)(bu)應(ying)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2cm/s。α3式(shi)(shi)（1）中(zhong)(zhong)：v為(wei)(wei)(wei)地(di)面質點(dian)峰(feng)值振動速度，cm/s；Q為(wei)(wei)(wei)炸藥(yao)量(liang)(liang)，kg，齊發(fa)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)總藥(yao)量(liang)(liang)，延時(shi)(shi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)時(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)最大(da)(da)一段(duan)(duan)藥(yao)量(liang)(liang)；R為(wei)(wei)(wei)觀測(ce)（計算(suan)）點(dian)到(dao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)(li)，m；k、α分(fen)別為(wei)(wei)(wei)與爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)點(dian)至(zhi)(zhi)計算(suan)點(dian)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)形(xing)、地(di)質條件有關的(de)(de)(de)(de)系數(shu)(shu)(shu)和(he)衰減(jian)指數(shu)(shu)(shu)，可按(an)(an)表3選(xuan)(xuan)取(qu)(qu)，也(ye)可通過(guo)(guo)(guo)類(lei)似工程(cheng)選(xuan)(xuan)取(qu)(qu)或現(xian)(xian)場(chang)試驗確定。2.244≈29.69m。軟巖(yan)(yan)石爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)震動安(an)全(quan)(quan)距(ju)離(li)(li)為(wei)(wei)(wei)32.81～29.69m。按(an)(an)最不(bu)(bu)利(li)單段(duan)(duan)最大(da)(da)藥(yao)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)11.3kg時(shi)(shi)，距(ju)離(li)(li)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區39.9m外爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)振動速度小(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)2cm/s，交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)(duan)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)200m不(bu)(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)，技術(shu)條款要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)振動速度2cm/s，因此交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)(duan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)工期間爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)(po)震速度滿足相(xiang)關施(shi)(shi)工技術(shu)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，對(dui)鐵路影(ying)響可控(kong)(kong)(kong)。5.2機(ji)(ji)械開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)螺峰(feng)山隧(sui)道(dao)下(xia)穿玉蒙鐵路交(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)(duan)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)各200m采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)械開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)，機(ji)(ji)械開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)根據(ju)現(xian)(xian)場(chang)實際(ji)情況采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)懸臂掘(jue)(jue)進(jin)機(ji)(ji)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)，銑挖(wa)(wa)機(ji)(ji)配合(he)(he)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)修(xiu)邊(bian)(bian)。懸臂掘(jue)(jue)進(jin)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)切割(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)是從掃底(di)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)切割(ge)(ge)(ge)，再按(an)(an)S形(xing)左右循環向(xiang)(xiang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)切割(ge)(ge)(ge)路線逐(zhu)級切割(ge)(ge)(ge)以(yi)上部分(fen)。選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)右旋截割(ge)(ge)(ge)頭截割(ge)(ge)(ge)硬(ying)巖(yan)(yan)，先由右向(xiang)(xiang)左從掃底(di)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)(shi)切割(ge)(ge)(ge)，再按(an)(an)從左至(zhi)(zhi)右、自(zi)下(xia)往(wang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)或從右往(wang)左、自(zi)上而(er)下(xia)逐(zhu)步進(jin)行(xing)(xing)切割(ge)(ge)(ge)。如(ru)(ru)遇節理(li)發(fa)育(yu)較高巖(yan)(yan)石，則應(ying)選(xuan)(xuan)擇巖(yan)(yan)石節理(li)方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)逐(zhu)步切割(ge)(ge)(ge)。懸臂掘(jue)(jue)進(jin)機(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工藝流(liu)程(cheng)如(ru)(ru)圖(tu)(tu)4所示(shi)。掘(jue)(jue)進(jin)機(ji)(ji)切割(ge)(ge)(ge)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)如(ru)(ru)圖(tu)(tu)5所示(shi)。圖(tu)(tu)4懸臂掘(jue)(jue)進(jin)機(ji)(ji)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)工藝流(liu)程(cheng)圖(tu)(tu)

6監控措施

6.1隧(sui)道監(jian)(jian)控量(liang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)加(jia)強(qiang)隧(sui)道交叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)監(jian)(jian)控量(liang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，特別是拱(gong)頂(ding)(ding)下(xia)沉(chen)(chen)與(yu)洞(dong)(dong)周收斂的(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)斷面在(zai)(zai)(zai)鐵路交叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)前(qian)后各(ge)(ge)(ge)1km范圍(wei)（不(bu)含交叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)前(qian)后200m），按10m間(jian)(jian)距(ju)布置(zhi)，交叉(cha)(cha)段(duan)前(qian)后各(ge)(ge)(ge)200m范圍(wei)按5m間(jian)(jian)距(ju)布置(zhi)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)與(yu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)線(xian)(xian)(xian)布置(zhi)：拱(gong)頂(ding)(ding)下(xia)沉(chen)(chen)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)與(yu)收斂測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)布置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)同一斷面，拱(gong)頂(ding)(ding)下(xia)沉(chen)(chen)設(she)置(zhi)3個(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)，中線(xian)(xian)(xian)附近(jin)1個(ge)，兩側(ce)間(jian)(jian)距(ju)1m各(ge)(ge)(ge)設(she)1個(ge)。上臺(tai)(tai)階(jie)、下(xia)臺(tai)(tai)階(jie)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖各(ge)(ge)(ge)設(she)2條收斂測(ce)(ce)(ce)線(xian)(xian)(xian)。測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)設(she)置(zhi)：所有測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)均采(cai)用(yong)φ16鋼(gang)筋(jin)設(she)置(zhi)，鋼(gang)筋(jin)長(chang)(chang)度50cm，手持電鉆鉆孔，錨固(gu)劑錨固(gu)，固(gu)定(ding)后設(she)置(zhi)免棱(leng)鏡反(fan)光片(pian)。監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)頻(pin)率(lv)：按鐵路隧(sui)道施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)技術標(biao)準(zhun)執行，變(bian)形出(chu)現(xian)2mm/d預警(jing)時(shi)，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)頻(pin)率(lv)調制(zhi)至(zhi)1次/2h；變(bian)形出(chu)現(xian)5mm/d，監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)頻(pin)率(lv)調制(zhi)至(zhi)1次/h，并(bing)制(zhi)定(ding)應急加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案，做好相應準(zhun)備(bei)。圖5掘進機切割方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)示意圖6.2營業(ye)線(xian)(xian)(xian)監(jian)(jian)控下(xia)穿前(qian)應調查(cha)和記錄(lu)既(ji)有鐵路的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，要加(jia)強(qiang)各(ge)(ge)(ge)項參數的(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)并(bing)通過監(jian)(jian)控量(liang)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據成果，分析對鐵路的(de)影(ying)響程度、隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖后圍(wei)巖收斂趨勢等，及時(shi)調整方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)案，保障既(ji)有鐵路及隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全。測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)布置(zhi)：在(zai)(zai)(zai)隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)挖影(ying)響范圍(wei)外(wai)的(de)穩定(ding)地點(dian)布置(zhi)3個(ge)水(shui)準(zhun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作基點(dian)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)交叉(cha)(cha)最近(jin)點(dian)既(ji)有鐵路布置(zhi)一個(ge)爆(bao)破振動(dong)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)；從隧(sui)道洞(dong)(dong)口對應的(de)營業(ye)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路肩位置(zhi)朝隧(sui)道施工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)向每(mei)30m設(she)置(zhi)一個(ge)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)。沉(chen)(chen)降、水(shui)平位移觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)樁采(cai)用(yong)Φ28mm長(chang)(chang)1.2m的(de)鋼(gang)桿。樁周上部0.2m用(yong)混凝(ning)土(tu)澆(jiao)注固(gu)定(ding)。監(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)頻(pin)次：在(zai)(zai)(zai)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)前(qian)對所有樁位進行復(fu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，作為(wei)正式(shi)起始(shi)讀數。爆(bao)破施工(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)(kai)(kai)(kai)始(shi)和結束(shu)時(shi)各(ge)(ge)(ge)測(ce)(ce)(ce)一次。觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法：水(shui)平觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)樁標(biao)高(gao)采(cai)用(yong)水(shui)準(zhun)儀觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，水(shui)平測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)應達(da)到四等水(shui)準(zhun)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)標(biao)準(zhun)，測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)精度應達(da)到±1mm，讀數取為(wei)0.1mm。預警(jing)：在(zai)(zai)(zai)營業(ye)線(xian)(xian)(xian)不(bu)限速(su)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，臨近(jin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路一側(ce)單(dan)日位移達(da)2mm/d且(qie)不(bu)收斂時(shi)或累計位移達(da)10mm，停止施工(gong)(gong)(gong)。

7應急處置

7.1應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)救(jiu)援組(zu)(zu)織機(ji)構(gou)項目部成立應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)領導小組(zu)(zu)，下設4個應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)小組(zu)(zu)，分別為(wei)搶險救(jiu)援組(zu)(zu)、技術(shu)支持組(zu)(zu)、綜合協(xie)調組(zu)(zu)、后勤(qin)保障(zhang)組(zu)(zu)，明(ming)確(que)職責(ze)，配(pei)足資源，應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)有備，聞險而動。7.2分級響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)(ying)急(ji)(ji)(ji)預案(an)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)分為(wei)三個層級，分別對(dui)應(ying)(ying)發生(sheng)(sheng)（可能發生(sheng)(sheng)）事(shi)故(gu)等級決定，分為(wei)一(yi)般事(shi)故(gu)預案(an)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)、重大事(shi)故(gu)預案(an)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)、特大及(ji)以上事(shi)故(gu)預案(an)響(xiang)應(ying)(ying)。7.3定期演(yan)練(lian)制(zhi)(zhi)度(du)為(wei)保證(zheng)體系的有效性，每季(ji)度(du)進(jin)行專項演(yan)練(lian)一(yi)次，每半(ban)年進(jin)行一(yi)次綜合演(yan)練(lian)。

8結語

滇中引水工(gong)程(cheng)螺峰山隧道(dao)(dao)下穿(chuan)玉(yu)蒙鐵路(lu)漢(han)邑隧道(dao)(dao)，通(tong)過有效(xiao)的超(chao)前地質預報(bao)精確掌握(wo)交叉段圍巖(yan)(yan)情(qing)況，再根(gen)據情(qing)況進行合理的工(gong)法選擇確保了(le)(le)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)安全(quan)。在監(jian)測方面，建立了(le)(le)完(wan)善的隧道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)和(he)(he)鐵路(lu)營業(ye)(ye)線(xian)(xian)監(jian)測體系監(jian)測施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)對營業(ye)(ye)線(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)圍巖(yan)(yan)結構(gou)的影(ying)響，可以(yi)及(ji)時發現(xian)問(wen)題，防患(huan)于未然。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中還(huan)建立了(le)(le)應急組織(zhi)機(ji)構(gou)，完(wan)善了(le)(le)分級(ji)響應機(ji)制，為(wei)下穿(chuan)鐵路(lu)營業(ye)(ye)線(xian)(xian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)加(jia)上了(le)(le)多道(dao)(dao)保障，本文對水工(gong)隧道(dao)(dao)下穿(chuan)鐵路(lu)營業(ye)(ye)線(xian)(xian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)安全(quan)技術進行了(le)(le)較(jiao)為(wei)全(quan)面的分析和(he)(he)總結，具(ju)有很好的借鑒價值。

參考文獻：

［1］鐵道(dao)部，鐵運〔2012〕280號(hao).鐵道(dao)部關于印發《鐵路(lu)營業線施(shi)工(gong)安全管理(li)辦法》的通知［S］.2013-01-01.

［2］中(zhong)國水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)建(jian)設集團公司(si).SL399—2007水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)工程(cheng)土建(jian)施(shi)工安(an)全技術(shu)規程(cheng)［S］.北京：中(zhong)國水(shui)利(li)水(shui)電(dian)出版社，2007.

［3］國家(jia)鐵(tie)路局(ju).TB10304—2020鐵(tie)路隧道(dao)工程施(shi)工安(an)全技術規程［S］.出版社不詳，2020.

［4］中(zhong)水東北(bei)勘測設計(ji)研究有限責任公(gong)司.SL378—2007水工(gong)(gong)建筑物(wu)地下開挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)規范［S］.北(bei)京：中(zhong)國水利水電(dian)出版(ban)社，2007.

作者(zhe)：楊格 單位：中(zhong)鐵二(er)局(ju)集團有限公司