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篇1

關鍵詞：隧道工程施工要點

中圖(tu)分類號： U45 文獻標識(shi)碼(ma)： A 文章編號：

近(jin)年來，我(wo)國公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設取得了很(hen)大成就，為(wei)經濟社會的(de)(de)發展做出了貢獻，公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設工程(cheng)(cheng)一直處于增長(chang)中，隧(sui)道(dao)工程(cheng)(cheng)是公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)建(jian)設中的(de)(de)難(nan)點工程(cheng)(cheng)，它具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)隱蔽(bi)性(xing)的(de)(de)特點，在(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)工程(cheng)(cheng)設計(ji)之初雖然(ran)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)地質、水(shui)(shui)文等情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)勘(kan)察，但是很(hen)難(nan)完全掌握這些(xie)情(qing)(qing)況(kuang)。公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)工程(cheng)(cheng)與其他隧(sui)道(dao)工程(cheng)(cheng)也有(you)(you)(you)(you)所不(bu)同，其開(kai)挖面(mian)積大, 深度大,對(dui)一些(xie)客觀存(cun)在(zai)的(de)(de)因素(su)只能在(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中采取有(you)(you)(you)(you)針對(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)，所以(yi)塌方(fang)、淋水(shui)(shui)等事(shi)故時(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)發生。如果勘(kan)測、設計(ji)估計(ji)不(bu)足(zu)或是施(shi)(shi)(shi)工時(shi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)些(xie)注意事(shi)項(xiang)沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)做好(hao)可能影響隧(sui)道(dao)的(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)，也無法使工程(cheng)(cheng)正(zheng)常進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)下去(qu)。所以(yi)，進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工時(shi),要了解施(shi)(shi)(shi)工要點，針對(dui)每個要點嚴格控制質量, 加強管理，確保安(an)全，以(yi)下將解析(xi)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)工程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工要點。

一、公路(lu)隧道施工的基本特征

公路隧道施(shi)工不同(tong)于(yu)路基、橋(qiao)涵(han)的(de)施(shi)工，有許多很難掌握的(de)水文、地質情況，涉(she)及的(de)細節也不同(tong)，其施(shi)工有以下特點(dian)：

1、隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)有很(hen)強(qiang)的隱蔽性。公路隧道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)中的隱蔽工(gong)(gong)程很(hen)多，大多數的工(gong)(gong)程都是(shi)在隱蔽的環(huan)境下進行(xing)。

2、設(she)計方案(an)與實際施工(gong)差異(yi)性大。隧(sui)道設(she)計時會(hui)勘探地質情(qing)況(kuang)，但是由于其隱蔽性強，開(kai)挖隧(sui)道內的(de)地質條件千變萬化，初(chu)始(shi)的(de)設(she)計文件可能(neng)不符合施工(gong)需要，施工(gong)設(she)計方案(an)必須隨著(zhu)圍(wei)巖的(de)實際狀況(kuang)作出變更或修(xiu)改。

3、高度的(de)施(shi)工(gong)安全要求。隧(sui)道(dao)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)要求高于路基和橋梁工(gong)程(cheng)，隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)均在(zai)洞內進行(xing)，自然環(huan)境十分多變，施(shi)工(gong)危險(xian)程(cheng)度隨(sui)著洞身的(de)延(yan)長不斷(duan)增加，許(xu)多危險(xian)源是不可(ke)預見(jian)的(de)，如：瓦斯、溶洞、涌水、暗河、松散堆積(ji)層等，因此，隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)必須更(geng)加細致、更(geng)加嚴格。

4、隧道施(shi)工作業面少(shao)，工序環環相扣，施(shi)工作業要(yao)求高效、連續，因此(ci)對組織管理水平的(de)要(yao)求很高。

5、隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量監(jian)控難(nan)度大。隧(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量是(shi)否優良不能僅(jin)從外觀或有(you)無滲漏(lou)水來判斷，因其隱蔽性施工(gong)過程(cheng)還容易(yi)偷工(gong)減(jian)料，監(jian)控起來非常困難(nan)。

6、技術(shu)要求高、投(tou)資(zi)大。隧(sui)道工程的(de)施(shi)工有(you)很(hen)多(duo)技術(shu)性(xing)難點，施(shi)工人員必須有(you)很(hen)強的(de)專業性(xing)。此(ci)外隧(sui)道施(shi)工有(you)許(xu)多(duo)輔助設施(shi)，每個隧(sui)道需投(tou)入200萬～400萬元(yuan)，因此(ci)要絕(jue)對(dui)保(bao)(bao)證質量，保(bao)(bao)證投(tou)資(zi)回報。

二、公路隧(sui)道施工要點

隧道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的大(da)致施工(gong)(gong)流程(cheng)是(shi)：施工(gong)(gong)準備(bei)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口防排水施工(gong)(gong)明(ming)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)開挖防護洞(dong)(dong)(dong)身掘進二次襯砌洞(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)(nei)路(lu)面(mian)面(mian)層(ceng)墻面(mian)瓷磚、拱部(bu)內(nei)(nei)墻噴涂、電器安(an)裝，最后(hou)是(shi)竣工(gong)(gong)驗收(shou)。

1、洞口施工

洞(dong)口(kou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工是機械(xie)化作(zuo)業，有多(duo)種方法(fa)，根據不同的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工部(bu)位(wei)采用(yong)不同的方法(fa)，石方爆破用(yong)淺眼(yan)臺(tai)階爆破法(fa)，底(di)部(bu)和邊坡(po)爆破用(yong)小炮。洞(dong)口(kou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工也包括明洞(dong)洞(dong)口(kou)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工，拉槽開挖(wa)前(qian)要考察(cha)路基，整理(li)水(shui)(shui)文資料、制定防水(shui)(shui)、防水(shui)(shui)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)，做好排水(shui)(shui)工作(zuo)。

2、洞身開挖

洞身開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)有多種選(xuan)擇，但是要(yao)(yao)依據盡量利(li)用(yong)圍(wei)(wei)巖自承能力的(de)(de)原則進(jin)行(xing)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)，主要(yao)(yao)有全(quan)(quan)斷面法(fa)(fa)(fa)、臺階法(fa)(fa)(fa)、環型(xing)留(liu)核心(xin)土(tu)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。還要(yao)(yao)選(xuan)擇合適的(de)(de)爆破方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，正確炸藥用(yong)量，進(jin)行(xing)試爆破時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)觀察(cha)圍(wei)(wei)巖，根(gen)據其擾動程(cheng)度(du)(du)設(she)計合理參數。Ⅴ級(ji)圍(wei)(wei)巖可(ke)(ke)以(yi)采用(yong)留(liu)核心(xin)土(tu)分(fen)部(bu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)法(fa)(fa)(fa)。要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)施工(gong)工(gong)序，先(xian)進(jin)行(xing)管棚(peng)超前支(zhi)護，然后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)上(shang)部(bu)環形部(bu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)，接著進(jin)行(xing)核心(xin)土(tu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)，最后(hou)進(jin)行(xing)下部(bu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)。開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)完(wan)成后(hou)要(yao)(yao)噴射(she)混凝土(tu)封閉圍(wei)(wei)巖，這時(shi)還要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)質(zhi)量檢(jian)查、強度(du)(du)檢(jian)查，保證每一(yi)施工(gong)環節(jie)的(de)(de)安全(quan)(quan)可(ke)(ke)靠，分(fen)層噴射(she)混凝土(tu)直至設(she)計厚度(du)(du)。Ⅳ級(ji)圍(wei)(wei)巖采用(yong)上(shang)半(ban)斷面長臺階法(fa)(fa)(fa)，施工(gong)過程(cheng)中視實際情(qing)況進(jin)行(xing)一(yi)定調(diao)整(zheng)。

3、防排水層施工

防(fang)水(shui)工程(cheng)：事(shi)先(xian)割除(chu)外露的(de)(de)錨(mao)桿，初(chu)期支(zhi)護的(de)(de)平整(zheng)程(cheng)度要(yao)(yao)達到用2m直尺測量超過90％在5cm。設置隧(sui)道專用防(fang)卷(juan)材，原襯砌層與防(fang)水(shui)卷(juan)材之間要(yao)(yao)設置土(tu)工布。

排水(shui)工程：CPE防水(shui)板的(de)安裝必須采用熱熔焊接法(fa)，且其抗拉強(qiang)度不能(neng)低于母材。此(ci)外(wai)，搭(da)接寬(kuan)度大于lOcm。淋(lin)水(shui)程度大的(de)層(ceng)段組合(he)使(shi)用排水(shui)板、防水(shui)板、YAS排水(shui)半(ban)管(guan)，這樣能(neng)達到更好的(de)防水(shui)、排水(shui)效(xiao)果(guo)。YAS半(ban)管(guan)處(chu)須沿洞身環向打眼以實現集中排水(shui)。

4、隧道二次襯砌

二次襯(chen)(chen)砌(qi)(qi)既滿足內在質量，又(you)要(yao)保證外(wai)觀質量，為(wei)了(le)保證二次襯(chen)(chen)砌(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)質量，襯(chen)(chen)砌(qi)(qi)臺車的(de)(de)尺寸(cun)要(yao)符(fu)合設計(ji)要(yao)求。為(wei)了(le)防止因施工(gong)不(bu)當等因素導(dao)致局部防水失(shi)敗，二次襯(chen)(chen)砌(qi)(qi)要(yao)做成(cheng)自防水砼結構，最好采用低(di)堿性(xing)膨(peng)脹水泥砼。此外(wai)，圍巖條件差的(de)(de)地段要(yao)增加參照明洞的(de)(de)受力鋼筋進行加密。

三、公路隧道施工的質(zhi)量控制措施

1、公路隧道(dao)開挖(wa)質(zhi)量控制

公路隧道與(yu)其他隧道相(xiang)比斷(duan)面較大(da)(da)，開挖斷(duan)面的(de)尺寸一定要(yao)特別注意。在圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)松軟且地層壓力(li)較大(da)(da)的(de)情況下，隧道開挖對(dui)圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)的(de)擾動(dong)大(da)(da)，圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)會發(fa)生較大(da)(da)變形，產生圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)塊(kuai)體(ti)的(de)不利(li)切(qie)割(ge)，所以(yi)要(yao)保證足夠(gou)(gou)的(de)預留變形量及支撐沉落量。公路隧道通常采用扁平斷(duan)面型式以(yi)防止(zhi)凈空不夠(gou)(gou)。為保證開挖質量必須根據圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)類型選擇合適的(de)開挖方(fang)法(fa)、施工工藝，使得拱頂(ding)圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)處于良好(hao)的(de)應力(li)狀態(tai)。

2、隧道(dao)支護質量控(kong)制

隧道(dao)開(kai)挖后要及時支護(hu)。進行噴射混凝土的質(zhi)量檢(jian)驗(yan)、強度(du)檢(jian)驗(yan)。錨噴支護(hu)的強度(du)檢(jian)驗(yan)時進行劈裂法(fa)測試(shi)，另(ling)外要注意檢(jian)驗(yan)安裝(zhuang)質(zhi)量、混凝土的原(yuan)材(cai)料質(zhi)量。錨桿(gan)加工質(zhi)量的檢(jian)驗(yan)包(bao)括抗拉強度(du)、彈性、延展性等的檢(jian)測。錨桿(gan)拉拔力測試(shi)通過(guo)千(qian)斤頂(ding)加載測試(shi)，注漿飽滿程度(du)、桿(gan)長可通過(guo)超聲檢(jian)測儀檢(jian)測。

3、隧(sui)道防水系統(tong)質量控制

防(fang)水系(xi)統(tong)質量(liang)檢測其材料檢測非常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)，包括長度、寬(kuan)度、厚(hou)度檢測，當(dang)今，高分子(zi)防(fang)水卷材防(fang)水層(ceng)有耐(nai)老化、耐(nai)酸堿、壽(shou)命長的(de)優點(dian)而(er)受到公路隧道防(fang)水、排水系(xi)統(tong)施工的(de)最(zui)佳選擇。

4、隧道襯砌質量控制

隧道施工中圍(wei)巖(yan)很(hen)容易松動，常常導(dao)致二次襯砌產(chan)生(sheng)裂(lie)縫，所以(yi)要采用(yong)(yong)塞尺或刻(ke)度放(fang)大鏡(jing)觀測其深度及寬(kuan)度，還可以(yi)用(yong)(yong)超聲波或雷達探測技術進行更(geng)加(jia)精(jing)確的(de)檢測。

四、結語

隨(sui)著社會(hui)經濟的(de)(de)日益發展，公路(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)需求(qiu)量(liang)越來(lai)越大，一(yi)些(xie)新的(de)(de)技術也(ye)不(bu)斷出現，但是(shi)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)依然是(shi)路(lu)橋建設的(de)(de)難(nan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)，隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)對安全程(cheng)度、地質(zhi)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)文(wen)等要素要求(qiu)很高，其(qi)特點(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)比(bi)其(qi)他工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)起來(lai)也(ye)難(nan)得多。公路(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)斷面大，運營環境要求(qiu)高，隱(yin)蔽性強，投資(zi)大，附屬設施(shi)(shi)多，從開始的(de)(de)原材料(liao)配(pei)比(bi)、人員(yuan)設備、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案的(de)(de)審查和確認到施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中洞口施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、洞身(shen)開挖、防(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)系(xi)統、二次(ci)襯(chen)砌(qi)都需要嚴(yan)格控(kong)制(zhi)質(zhi)量(liang)，遇到問題及時處(chu)理。了(le)解隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)要點(dian)(dian)(dian)以后，才能(neng)針對這些(xie)要點(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)定措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)，預防(fang)可(ke)能(neng)出現的(de)(de)事(shi)故，保證(zheng)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)安全和質(zhi)量(liang)。

參考文獻：

[1]田辰(chen)光.公路(lu)隧道施工(gong)要(yao)點解析.城市建設理論研究（電子版(ban)）,2012（24）.

[2]賀敏.論公路(lu)隧道工程施工要點. 城市建設理論研究（電子版）,2012(7).

[3]盧媛媛.論(lun)公路(lu)隧道(dao)工程施工要點.山西建筑,2012，38 (7).

篇2

隨著鐵路、公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)筑業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程也(ye)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)其中非常重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個環節(jie)。而(er)在隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中，隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)防水(shui)(shui)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)了(le)一(yi)個普(pu)遍關注的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti)。一(yi)方面(mian)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防水(shui)(shui)設(she)計在不斷(duan)地(di)進步，防水(shui)(shui)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術也(ye)在不斷(duan)地(di)改進，但(dan)另(ling)一(yi)方面(mian)，仍有許多隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)在建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)后仍然存在滲水(shui)(shui)、漏水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況，增(zeng)加了(le)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)使用過程中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安全風險(xian)，也(ye)增(zeng)加了(le)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)維修負擔。本(ben)文(wen)從我國隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程防水(shui)(shui)與施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀(zhuang)問(wen)出發，具體論述(shu)了(le)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防水(shui)(shui)設(she)計和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)要點，以期能為(wei)提高和改善隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)防水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量提供一(yi)些建(jian)議。

關鍵詞：隧道工程：防水(shui)(shui)設計：防水(shui)(shui)施工

隨著經(jing)濟的(de)(de)(de)日益發(fa)(fa)展，隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)很(hen)(hen)大程(cheng)(cheng)度上推動(dong)了(le)城市(shi)與(yu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展。當前(qian)，由于(yu)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)大型隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)(she)都位(wei)于(yu)江底(di)、湖底(di)、山體、海底(di)施工(gong)難度較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)地區，因此(ci)對隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)水性能要(yao)求也提出了(le)更高的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求。隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)中(zhong)滲水漏水、空氣濕度增(zeng)加，引起軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)、照明以及通(tong)訊設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)受損(sun)，特別是如(ru)果地下水有很(hen)(hen)強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕性時，隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)結構的(de)(de)(de)使用壽命會嚴重縮(suo)短。當前(qian)施工(gong)中(zhong)，盡管在隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)很(hen)(hen)多(duo)方面都加強(qiang)了(le)改進(jin)措施，包括防(fang)水材(cai)料、防(fang)水問(wen)題(ti)、滲漏問(wen)題(ti)等方面，但仍(reng)然成效不明顯，滲漏問(wen)題(ti)在很(hen)(hen)多(duo)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)都依然存(cun)在。

一、我國(guo)隧道(dao)工(gong)程的防水現狀(zhuang)

1、隧道(dao)工程防(fang)水設計技術現狀

從總體上而言，我國的(de)隧道(dao)防(fang)水(shui)(shui)設(she)計遵循(xun)了(le)“防(fang)、排、截(jie)、堵，剛柔(rou)結(jie)合(he)(he)，因地(di)制(zhi)宜，綜(zong)合(he)(he)治理”以及堅(jian)持(chi)了(le)“多道(dao)設(she)防(fang)、多種材(cai)料復合(he)(he)使(shi)用”的(de)基本原則，并在此前提和基礎上總結(jie)和創新了(le)各(ge)種類型工程中采用防(fang)水(shui)(shui)排水(shui)(shui)相(xiang)結(jie)合(he)(he)、材(cai)料防(fang)水(shui)(shui)與構(gou)造防(fang)水(shui)(shui)相(xiang)結(jie)合(he)(he)、柔(rou)性防(fang)水(shui)(shui)材(cai)料和接(jie)縫密封材(cai)料相(xiang)結(jie)合(he)(he)的(de)設(she)計方(fang)案。總之(zhi)，防(fang)水(shui)(shui)設(she)計是非常重要的(de)一道(dao)工序。

2、隧道工(gong)程的(de)防水(shui)規定存在的(de)一些問題(ti)

存在問題主(zhu)要表現在以下幾個方(fang)面(mian)(mian)：對(dui)隧(sui)道(dao)防(fang)水劃分(fen)的(de)等級(ji)不夠明確；隧(sui)道(dao)防(fang)水不具(ju)備充(chong)分(fen)的(de)設(she)計依據；防(fang)水設(she)計沒有結(jie)合結(jie)構設(she)計，未能(neng)進行綜合考慮。隧(sui)道(dao)工程(cheng)設(she)計在制定圍護(hu)結(jie)構的(de)主(zhu)體防(fang)水方(fang)案時，不能(neng)全面(mian)(mian)掌握工程(cheng)的(de)各個區(qu)間的(de)水文(wen)地質情況，以及施工過程(cheng)中的(de)突發滲漏狀況和程(cheng)度。設(she)計部(bu)門缺少專(zhuan)業的(de)防(fang)水材料(liao)(liao)、防(fang)水設(she)計的(de)研究人(ren)員，很難在大量(liang)防(fang)水材料(liao)(liao)和及其各不相同的(de)性能(neng)基(ji)礎上，科學地運用好每一種(zhong)材料(liao)(liao)，并發揮(hui)其優點。

3、隧道工(gong)程施工(gong)技術現(xian)狀

當(dang)前(qian)施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術和(he)裝(zhuang)備都(dou)得到不斷地完善，對各類新型(xing)防(fang)水材料的(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應能力也(ye)不斷提高(gao)。很(hen)多(duo)施(shi)工(gong)單位(wei)在(zai)對大(da)量(liang)工(gong)程(cheng)實踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)驗總結基(ji)礎上，設計出(chu)(chu)一些(xie)擁有(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)適(shi)應性，能夠很(hen)好解決(jue)滲漏(lou)水問(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)方式方法，為(wei)防(fang)水工(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)提高(gao)做出(chu)(chu)了重要貢(gong)獻。但是，因為(wei)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)出(chu)(chu)現滲漏(lou)有(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)隨機性，經(jing)(jing)常出(chu)(chu)現一邊施(shi)工(gong)以邊治漏(lou)的(de)(de)(de)現象，大(da)量(liang)隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)程(cheng)都(dou)需要在(zai)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)后期和(he)運行之后進行維修。這也(ye)對負責隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)資質和(he)防(fang)水技(ji)術能力提出(chu)(chu)了很(hen)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)要求。

二、隧道(dao)工程的防水設計

1、增加中心排(pai)(pai)水(shui)盲(mang)管的(de)設計。為了保證底(di)(di)部(bu)富水(shui)盲(mang)區的(de)富水(shui)降低(di)到一(yi)定(ding)的(de)高度，可(ke)以(yi)在(zai)底(di)(di)部(bu)增設環向和縱向排(pai)(pai)水(shui)盲(mang)管。這種設計可(ke)以(yi)杜絕的(de)隧道底(di)(di)部(bu)的(de)基巖(yan)長(chang)時(shi)間泡在(zai)水(shui)中，強負荷下(xia)引起(qi)基巖(yan)軟化、翻漿冒泥甚至底(di)(di)板斷裂的(de)現(xian)象，可(ke)以(yi)把(ba)隧道底(di)(di)部(bu)的(de)積水(shui)排(pai)(pai)出隧道外面(mian)，降低(di)隧道出現(xian)翻漿冒泥的(de)可(ke)能性(xing)以(yi)及斷板的(de)危險性(xing)。

2、在隧(sui)道的(de)邊墻以(yi)及防(fang)(fang)(fang)水板的(de)里側增(zeng)加機械保(bao)護(hu)裝置。這種(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)材(cai)料必(bi)須具備(bei)很強的(de)耐穿刺能(neng)力(li)和(he)耐高溫能(neng)力(li)，以(yi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)止在鋼筋操作過程中對防(fang)(fang)(fang)水板的(de)破壞和(he)損害，減輕(qing)防(fang)(fang)(fang)水板的(de)檢修負擔，減輕(qing)檢修引起(qi)的(de)防(fang)(fang)(fang)水薄弱點。

3、加(jia)(jia)強對防水板老(lao)化的(de)(de)探究(jiu)。因為(wei)材料老(lao)化是客觀現象(xiang)，是不可逆轉的(de)(de)，所(suo)以(yi)加(jia)(jia)強對材料性能(neng)持續(xu)時間的(de)(de)延長，讓防水材料的(de)(de)老(lao)化時間跟襯砌混凝土持續(xu)時間相接近，就能(neng)在很(hen)大程度(du)上(shang)提高隧(sui)道(dao)工程的(de)(de)質量，延長隧(sui)道(dao)的(de)(de)使用壽命。

4、加(jia)強對(dui)防(fang)(fang)水板老(lao)化之(zhi)后的(de)維護和(he)修理。針對(dui)不存在(zai)冰凍(dong)、不存在(zai)地(di)下水腐蝕混凝土的(de)地(di)區，可以通過對(dui)防(fang)(fang)水板位置的(de)調整，把(ba)防(fang)(fang)水板設計在(zai)二襯內壁(bi)，這種設計方式可以在(zai)對(dui)防(fang)(fang)水層維護和(he)修理時更加(jia)便利。需要強調的(de)是，在(zai)設計過程(cheng)中務必要加(jia)強外觀、空氣動(dong)力以及環境(jing)方面的(de)考慮。

5、針對(dui)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程施工(gong)中(zhong)常見的(de)難以(yi)發揮排(pai)水(shui)盲管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)充(chong)分(fen)排(pai)水(shui)功能的(de)問題，可以(yi)在(zai)環(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)排(pai)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)間，將縱向(xiang)(xiang)盲管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)改裝成斜(xie)(xie)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，讓環(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)盲管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)與斜(xie)(xie)向(xiang)(xiang)呈現主干(gan)和分(fen)支的(de)構造(zao)。當(dang)基(ji)巖中(zhong)的(de)滲(shen)透水(shui)聚(ju)(ju)集時，就會(hui)通過斜(xie)(xie)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)進入(ru)環(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)，最后(hou)經過隧(sui)道(dao)的(de)墻底縱向(xiang)(xiang)排(pai)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)排(pai)出。這種方案(an)能夠(gou)擴大環(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)盲管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)之間的(de)間距，也可以(yi)將滲(shen)水(shui)快速(su)得聚(ju)(ju)集到環(huan)向(xiang)(xiang)盲管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)中(zhong)，充(chong)分(fen)發揮排(pai)水(shui)盲管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)功效。當(dang)前生產的(de)排(pai)水(shui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)通常分(fen)為(wei)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)與矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)兩(liang)種，相比(bi)較，矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)比(bi)圓(yuan)(yuan)形(xing)(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)有(you)更大的(de)吸水(shui)面積，因(yin)此(ci)可以(yi)使用矩(ju)形(xing)(xing)盲管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)作為(wei)排(pai)水(shui)材(cai)料(liao)。

6、加(jia)強系(xi)統防(fang)水(shui)和(he)分區(qu)防(fang)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組合。通常情況下，分區(qu)防(fang)水(shui)是把固定地點的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)集中在(zai)規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)中，如果一個區(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)水(shui)系(xi)統發生故障，不但會影響(xiang)本(ben)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)，還(huan)會影響(xiang)其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)水(shui)區(qu)域(yu)(yu)，致使出水(shui)點的(de)(de)(de)(de)具置(zhi)難(nan)以找出，加(jia)深(shen)了水(shui)害治理的(de)(de)(de)(de)困難(nan)程度(du)。解(jie)決方(fang)案是在(zai)防(fang)水(shui)系(xi)統設(she)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提下，在(zai)端(duan)頭每隔一定距離設(she)置(zhi)環向(xiang)防(fang)水(shui)板，其(qi)中一端(duan)連接在(zai)系(xi)統防(fang)水(shui)板上面，另一端(duan)深(shen)入到混(hun)凝土內(nei)部，與(yu)此同時，可(ke)以在(zai)混(hun)凝土的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩端(duan)設(she)置(zhi)一種(zhong)遇水(shui)膨脹式止水(shui)條(tiao)，促進端(duan)頭防(fang)水(shui)能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)強。

三(san)、隧(sui)道工(gong)程的防水施工(gong)要點

1、強化(hua)整體性防水理念

我們(men)必須牢記千里(li)之堤，潰于蟻穴(xue)的(de)(de)深(shen)刻道理(li)。隧道工(gong)程的(de)(de)防(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)功能作為一項系統(tong)(tong)，是整體(ti)防(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，如果一個地方(fang)出現薄弱環節(jie)，極有可能引發(fa)整個隧道的(de)(de)滲水(shui)(shui)(shui)漏水(shui)(shui)(shui)。因此，建立完(wan)善好(hao)整體(ti)防(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)觀念，保持認真態(tai)度，加強防(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)每一個步驟(zou)，對于防(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)質量發(fa)揮著非常重要的(de)(de)作用(yong)。

2、加(jia)強施工資(zi)質(zhi)的管理

通常情況下，建筑專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)防水(shui)施工(gong)隊(dui)伍都(dou)(dou)有較高(gao)的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業化(hua)水(shui)平和相當等級的(de)(de)資質(zhi)(zhi)，而在鐵路、公路等隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程中，非常缺(que)乏(fa)專(zhuan)業化(hua)的(de)(de)施工(gong)隊(dui)伍，很難(nan)達(da)到高(gao)資質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)要求。據筆(bi)者了(le)解，許多(duo)企業雇傭的(de)(de)防水(shui)隊(dui)伍，一般(ban)都(dou)(dou)是一些業余散工(gong)，不具備專(zhuan)業的(de)(de)技能(neng)。所以(yi)，對交通系統的(de)(de)防水(shui)施工(gong)人員進(jin)行規范(fan)和管(guan)理，完(wan)善專(zhuan)業化(hua)的(de)(de)隧(sui)道(dao)防水(shui)施工(gong)隊(dui)伍的(de)(de)建設，對于隧(sui)道(dao)防水(shui)施工(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)保(bao)證是非常關鍵的(de)(de)。

3、加強(qiang)施工(gong)過程的注(zhu)漿止水工(gong)作的完善

很多施(shi)(shi)工單位都(dou)很容易忽視施(shi)(shi)工過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)注漿(jiang)止水(shui)步驟。在(zai)山(shan)體或者地(di)表的(de)(de)開挖過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，通過(guo)注漿(jiang)止水(shui)與噴射混凝土后(hou)在(zai)進行注漿(jiang)止水(shui)，可以有效(xiao)地(di)減少圍巖的(de)(de)滲水(shui)量。在(zai)隧(sui)道施(shi)(shi)工過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，一旦注漿(jiang)計量方式出現失(shi)誤，就會(hui)對后(hou)續工序施(shi)(shi)工有嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)后(hou)果。實(shi)際(ji)情況中(zhong)，地(di)下水(shui)的(de)(de)大量排出，不但對地(di)下水(shui)的(de)(de)平(ping)衡有嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)影響，而且會(hui)嚴重(zhong)破壞生態平(ping)衡，為施(shi)(shi)工與防水(shui)質量造成很大的(de)(de)隱患。

4、重(zhong)加強(qiang)基(ji)面的處理

雖然對于防(fang)水(shui)系統鋪(pu)設(she)之前的基面處理(li)都有非常(chang)嚴格的限制(zhi)，但是最終落(luo)實到實際中的施工單位(wei)數量極少。如(ru)果基面比較平整和(he)潔(jie)凈，就能輕(qing)易(yi)掌握緩(huan)沖(chong)層以及防(fang)水(shui)板鋪(pu)設(she)的松緊度，讓防(fang)水(shui)系統和(he)基面緊密粘合(he)，防(fang)止(zhi)空洞(dong)的出現(xian)，也可以防(fang)止(zhi)防(fang)水(shui)板受到釘頭等(deng)尖物的刺破。

5、加強(qiang)襯砌混凝(ning)土的自我防(fang)水能力

增(zeng)強隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)襯砌混凝(ning)土的(de)自(zi)防(fang)能(neng)力(li)，可以有效(xiao)增(zeng)強隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)防(fang)水(shui)作用。只有對防(fang)水(shui)層的(de)功能(neng)和襯砌混凝(ning)土的(de)自(zi)防(fang)能(neng)力(li)加以重(zhong)視，才能(neng)高(gao)效(xiao)地(di)提高(gao)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)防(fang)水(shui)效(xiao)果。

6、加強結構縫、施工縫的防水處理

作為隧道防(fang)水(shui)(shui)的最后一道防(fang)線，通常情況下，結構縫(feng)、施工縫(feng)在隧道發(fa)生滲漏水(shui)(shui)時，都會成為出水(shui)(shui)點最多(duo)的區域。因此可以使用(yong)橡膠止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶、鋼邊止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)帶、遇(yu)水(shui)(shui)膨脹止(zhi)水(shui)(shui)條等材料加(jia)強對結構縫(feng)、施工縫(feng)的防(fang)護。

7、加強防水系統的技術(shu)控制與質(zhi)量檢查

雖然防水系統的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技術都比較成熟(shu)，但是在實施(shi)(shi)過程中仍然要加強(qiang)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)控制，強(qiang)化施(shi)(shi)工(gong)材料的(de)質量(liang)檢(jian)查和(he)驗收，保證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的(de)質量(liang)。

篇3

關(guan)鍵詞：城市(shi)隧(sui)道工程施工; 基坑開挖; 支(zhi)護(hu)工程

中圖分類號： U45 文獻(xian)標識碼： A

以下從隧道邊坡支(zhi)護，土(tu)方開挖兩方面進行介(jie)紹控(kong)制點具體控(kong)制措施：

1.邊坡(po)支護施工控制(zhi)要點：

一般而言，在深(shen)基(ji)礎支(zhi)護技術中，均在非水(shui)平工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)構標(biao)高位置處設置水(shui)平支(zhi)撐，因(yin)此每當(dang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)構施(shi)工(gong)(gong)至水(shui)平支(zhi)撐附近時，就必須拆除這道水(shui)平支(zhi)撐。這將使得工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的工(gong)(gong)序繁瑣，而且造成大(da)量工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)材(cai)料浪(lang)(lang)(lang)費(fei)，而本(ben)次(ci)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的支(zhi)護結(jie)構采用(yong)樁樁錨支(zhi)護法施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，避免浪(lang)(lang)(lang)費(fei)加(jia)大(da)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)空間，方便(bian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)操作，結(jie)構能夠二次(ci)利用(yong)，減少浪(lang)(lang)(lang)費(fei)。

1.1基坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)支(zhi)(zhi)擋坑(keng)(keng)邊土體的臨時(shi)結(jie)構(gou)，一(yi)(yi)般其質量(liang)(liang)要求(qiu)只要保證基坑(keng)(keng)及坑(keng)(keng)邊建筑或構(gou)筑物(wu)的安(an)全即可(ke)。但是當支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)與基礎結(jie)構(gou)關系(xi)緊密(mi)時(shi)，這就對支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)的施工精度提出較高要求(qiu)。支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)施工精度由支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)設計單位確(que)定，以保證基礎結(jie)構(gou)的順(shun)利(li)施工為標準(zhun)。同(tong)時(shi)還應考慮支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)結(jie)構(gou)的變(bian)形(xing)問題，將變(bian)形(xing)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)在安(an)全的范圍內，并留出變(bian)形(xing)量(liang)(liang)的空間。

1.2水平結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)與(yu)豎(shu)向(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)結(jie)(jie)(jie)合(he)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)計。水平結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)與(yu)豎(shu)向(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)結(jie)(jie)(jie)合(he)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)接方(fang)(fang)法(fa)直(zhi)接影響兩結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)之間的(de)(de)(de)傳力效(xiao)果(guo)。實踐(jian)證明，采用(yong)鋼筋混凝(ning)土邊梁(liang)連(lian)(lian)接水平結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)與(yu)豎(shu)向(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，傳力效(xiao)果(guo)好(hao)，結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)穩固可靠。具體(ti)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)造方(fang)(fang)法(fa)，當(dang)豎(shu)向(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)是地(di)下(xia)連(lian)(lian)續墻(qiang)時，則(ze)在地(di)下(xia)連(lian)(lian)續墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)相應位置留(liu)設(she)(she)(she)凹槽，并沿地(di)下(xia)連(lian)(lian)續墻(qiang)與(yu)水平結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)(lian)接處設(she)(she)(she)置連(lian)(lian)續封閉的(de)(de)(de)鋼筋混凝(ning)土邊梁(liang)。當(dang)豎(shu)向(xiang)(xiang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)為支護樁（灌注樁）時，則(ze)在相應設(she)(she)(she)置鋼筋混凝(ning)土樁頂帽梁(liang)或(huo)(huo)樁腰(yao)邊梁(liang)，并在帽梁(liang)或(huo)(huo)邊梁(liang)與(yu)基礎結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)外墻(qiang)相交的(de)(de)(de)位置，分別向(xiang)(xiang)上和(he)向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)生出墻(qiang)根，以利于基礎結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)施(shi)工時能(neng)和(he)工程結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)合(he)在一起。

1.3垂直(zhi)支撐(cheng)的設置。水(shui)(shui)平支撐(cheng)結構的自重較大，而且(qie)跨度也很大，承受水(shui)(shui)平荷載時，容易失穩而破(po)壞。因此必須設置足(zu)夠的垂直(zhi)支撐(cheng)。垂直(zhi)支撐(cheng)可采用剛格構柱，上端錨固在(zai)(zai)支撐(cheng)結構內，下端錨固在(zai)(zai)工程樁或(huo)支撐(cheng)樁內，

1.4錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)體(ti)系施(shi)工，錨(mao)(mao)固(gu)體(ti)系是以短而(er)密的錨(mao)(mao)釘安(an)設或打入(ru)基坑(keng)邊壁土(tu)體(ti)內，將土(tu)體(ti)加固(gu)成為能自穩(wen)的重(zhong)力壩式的擋土(tu)墻結(jie)構。作為圍護基坑(keng)及(ji)邊坡的一類方法。該坑(keng)槽壁深(shen)9.5m，與灌注樁結(jie)合，地層主要(yao)為粘土(tu)，所用(yong)錨(mao)(mao)桿(gan)7―9m。它的錨(mao)(mao)釘類型采(cai)用(yong)鉆(zhan)孔注漿錨(mao)(mao)釘。

1.5灌注樁施(shi)工下(xia)部(bu)第一步(bu)(bu)土(tu)方(fang)護坡樁第一道錨桿施(shi)工下(xia)部(bu)第二步(bu)(bu)土(tu)方(fang)護坡樁第二道錨桿施(shi)工下(xia)部(bu)第三(san)步(bu)(bu)土(tu)方(fang)見槽(cao)底收馬道尾土(tu)

1.6施工(gong)測量(liang)測量(liang)人員根(gen)(gen)據(ju)工(gong)程的(de)具(ju)體要(yao)求，利用(yong)就近的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)導線點，測放(fang)土(tu)方開挖控(kong)制(zhi)線，并做好土(tu)釘墻坡度(du)控(kong)制(zhi)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)高程控(kong)制(zhi)網，在(zai)現場加(jia)密(mi)高程控(kong)制(zhi)點，準(zhun)確測量(liang)護(hu)坡樁頂和槽底標高，以保證鋼筋籠的(de)位置。施工(gong)測量(liang)要(yao)執行(xing)三級測量(liang)復(fu)核制(zhi)度(du)，經上級復(fu)核無誤并報監(jian)理驗收(shou)批準(zhun)后方可進行(xing)下部施工(gong)。施工(gong)測量(liang)所用(yong)儀器為(wei)2″經緯儀；高程測量(liang)采用(yong)DS3自動安平(ping)水(shui)準(zhun)儀。

1.7 土釘墻施工

開挖工作面，修整邊坡(po)安設(she)土釘(ding)（包括(kuo)鉆孔、插鋼(gang)筋(jin)、注漿(jiang)）綁扎鋼(gang)筋(jin)網，加(jia)強筋(jin)、土釘(ding)同(tong)加(jia)強筋(jin)焊接、加(jia)墊塊(kuai)噴射第一層(ceng)砼，厚度為40mm－50mm噴射第二層(ceng)砼，厚度為40mm－50mm 設(she)置坡(po)頂，坡(po)面和坡(po)腳排水措施下一循環(huan)土釘(ding)施工。

1.8土釘墻施工(gong)工(gong)藝要求基(ji)坑邊(bian)(bian)坡應分段分層開挖，每次(ci)超挖深(shen)度不得超過(guo)0.5m，邊(bian)(bian)開挖，邊(bian)(bian)人工(gong)修整邊(bian)(bian)坡，邊(bian)(bian)噴射砼。土釘成孔(kong)(kong)機具采用錨桿機或洛陽鏟，成孔(kong)(kong)直徑110～130mm,傾(qing)角約為8～10°。成孔(kong)(kong)前，在設計孔(kong)(kong)位處作顯著標志，以免鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)時錯(cuo)位。成孔(kong)(kong)采用人工(gong)鉆(zhan)進，鉆(zhan)進深(shen)度應大(da)于設計深(shen)度。鉆(zhan)孔(kong)(kong)完畢后，立(li)即將鋼筋(jin)體和灌(guan)漿管同時插(cha)入孔(kong)(kong)底，灌(guan)漿管距孔(kong)(kong)底250～500mm。

1.9土(tu)釘鋼(gang)筋使用(yong)前(qian)應(ying)(ying)調直，除銹，鋼(gang)筋長度不(bu)夠時，可采(cai)(cai)用(yong)搭接焊工藝加(jia)長；若采(cai)(cai)用(yong)其它直徑鋼(gang)筋替代設計鋼(gang)筋，應(ying)(ying)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)同(tong)級鋼(gang)筋，進行等截面換算。水(shui)泥(ni)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)P.O.32.5普(pu)通硅酸鹽(yan)水(shui)泥(ni)，注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)材料宜(yi)用(yong)水(shui)灰比為0.45的(de)(de)水(shui)泥(ni)凈漿(jiang)(jiang)。注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)前(qian)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)管應(ying)(ying)插至(zhi)距孔(kong)底250mm～500mm。灌漿(jiang)(jiang)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)1根Φ20mm的(de)(de)塑料管作導管。將攪(jiao)拌好的(de)(de)水(shui)泥(ni)漿(jiang)(jiang)注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)入(ru)鉆孔(kong)底部(bu)，自孔(kong)底向外灌注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)。灌注(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)完畢后補漿(jiang)(jiang)不(bu)少于一次，以保證灌漿(jiang)(jiang)質量(liang)，增加(jia)抗拔力。

土方開挖(wa)時間間隔(ge)：土釘(ding)支護(hu)要求上部(bu)土釘(ding)達到強(qiang)度之(zhi)后，方可(ke)(ke)以(yi)開挖(wa)下部(bu)土層。根據(ju)混凝(ning)土強(qiang)度增長(chang)的(de)規(gui)律，在氣(qi)溫較高的(de)時候，一(yi)般情況下1～2天之(zhi)后可(ke)(ke)以(yi)進行(xing)下部(bu)土方開挖(wa)；在氣(qi)溫較低(di)，則應保證(zheng)土釘(ding)水泥砂漿及(ji)面層混凝(ning)土強(qiang)度達到設計強(qiang)度的(de)75％，才能進行(xing)下部(bu)土方開挖(wa)。如(ru)果工期緊(jin)張，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)采取添(tian)加早強(qiang)劑的(de)方法。

2.土方開(kai)挖工程施工控制(zhi)要點(dian)：

土方(fang)(fang)開(kai)挖必須根據基坑(keng)的(de)平面形狀(zhuang)，以及水平支撐系(xi)統的(de)設(she)計荷載和受力特(te)性(xing)，制定科(ke)學(xue)、安全(quan)、高效的(de)施工方(fang)(fang)法。

2.1并嚴格按照預先制定的(de)(de)(de)方案進行(xing)施工，要分層均(jun)勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)開挖土方，均(jun)勻(yun)的(de)(de)(de)釋放坑(keng)邊土體荷載。

2.2基(ji)坑(keng)應自上(shang)而(er)下分層、分段依次開挖，隨(sui)挖隨(sui)刷邊坡，避免(mian)局(ju)部荷(he)載完全釋放，使支護結(jie)構的局(ju)部受到突變集中荷(he)載，從而(er)造成支護結(jie)構突然破壞。

2.3基坑邊緣的堆(dui)載以及動載（如過往載重(zhong)車輛、起(qi)重(zhong)機等）必須符合(he)設計要求，避免因超(chao)載引(yin)起(qi)的支護結構破(po)壞。

2.4事先根據坐標撒(sa)出(chu)基礎邊線，根據放坡(po)比例參照土(tu)方(fang)開挖圖(tu)撒(sa)出(chu)下口(kou)(kou)線、上口(kou)(kou)線。

2.5放(fang)(fang)(fang)坡(po):整(zheng)體(ti)放(fang)(fang)(fang)坡(po)坡(po)度(du)為1：0.5進(jin)行放(fang)(fang)(fang)坡(po)。挖土整(zheng)體(ti)思路是(shi)先挖除(chu)+-00以下2m深的(de)耕植土（按照1：0.5放(fang)(fang)(fang)坡(po)），預留500寬的(de)緩(huan)坡(po)平臺，正式(shi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)線(xian)(xian)。再(zai)挖至(zhi)墊(dian)層底標高上200mm處，接著撒灰線(xian)(xian)開挖落深部位。

2.6底板墊層(ceng)外預(yu)留500寬(kuan)操作面，操作面內(nei)挖(wa)排水(shui)盲溝，轉角或高低差處不大于20M挖(wa)一積水(shui)井。積水(shui)井為直徑500、深(shen)400土(tu)坑。盲溝為300寬(kuan)、200深(shen)土(tu)槽(cao),內(nei)填碎石(shi)，以免不被掩埋(mai)并保(bao)證坡腳穩定(ding)。挖(wa)至(zhi)基底時預(yu)留200mm，人工緊隨進行(xing)清(qing)槽(cao)，將清(qing)除的土(tu)方送至(zhi)返鏟(chan) 半徑之內(nei)帶棄。

2.7為(wei)確保開挖(wa)(wa)時(shi)及(ji)時(shi)的(de)排出地下水及(ji)地表水，在會所兩端（長軸方向）處各設置一個直徑為(wei)3m深(shen)度為(wei)5m的(de)深(shen)集水井，方便日后(hou)排水。若開挖(wa)(wa)后(hou)遇雨水天氣，應采用人(ren)工將基槽(cao)清(qing)理至與原基土土質相(xiang)同的(de)土層，再用級配砂石添至設計(ji)基底標高。

2.8挖至基礎承(cheng)臺處在基底事先撒出灰(hui)線，由機械開挖人工清理(li)。

2.9如遇薄(bo)弱土(tu)層或不慎超挖(wa)之處采用級配(pei)砂石填。

2.10采用邊開挖、邊清土、邊驗(yan)槽(cao)(cao)并立即澆注墊層的(de)快節奏施工法，清理三分(fen)之一時就要進行驗(yan)槽(cao)(cao)和(he)澆注墊層工作，避免基土長期暴露和(he)遇雨(yu)浸(jin)泡(pao)。

2.11如遇雨(yu)泡(pao)槽，須清除表面泥漿(jiang)鋪撒(sa)碎(sui)石找平(ping)，人流(liu)集(ji)中處(chu)鋪設木板通道，防止(zhi)踩成橡皮(pi)土(tu)。

篇4

關鍵詞：城市(shi)道路；水泥(ni)穩定(ding)碎石；施工(gong)要點

Abstract: the 21 st century, with the development of modern city rising scale become stronger, is the whole city road city construction, the one of important engineering. At present, urban road construction technology in the science and technology of advanced power driven, has made remarkable progress and achievements, the innovation of technology for project quality to raise the level of made guarantee. City road of the cement stable macadam in the construction process has been is a kind of important construction method. Therefore, this paper used in urban road construction of the cement stable macadam construction technology were discussed.

Key words: the city road; Of the cement stable macadam; Key points of construction

中(zhong)圖分類號(hao)：TU74文獻標識碼(ma)：A 文章編(bian)號(hao)：

改革(ge)開(kai)放的(de)(de)(de)來臨，使(shi)得我國(guo)(guo)眾多國(guo)(guo)民(min)產(chan)業飛速發(fa)展，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)乏(fa)道(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通的(de)(de)(de)逐漸進步(bu)，為(wei)經濟的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)長貢獻(xian)出了(le)不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)(de)力量。在(zai)市(shi)場(chang)經濟體質的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷完善下，交(jiao)通行業也(ye)在(zai)面臨著一系(xi)列的(de)(de)(de)挑戰與機遇，再加之人民(min)生活水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)提升，使(shi)車(che)(che)輛極速增(zeng)加，車(che)(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)承載(zai)力與車(che)(che)輛數量的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)加，都為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)道(dao)路(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)施工標準提出了(le)更加嚴格的(de)(de)(de)要求。在(zai)道(dao)路(lu)建設中(zhong)(zhong)，最基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)基層(ceng)材(cai)料屬于(yu)水(shui)泥穩定(ding)碎(sui)石半鋼性基層(ceng)材(cai)料，由于(yu)這種材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)強度和剛(gang)度都比較好，并且具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)穩性與冰凍穩定(ding)性，便被我國(guo)(guo)城(cheng)市(shi)道(dao)路(lu)當成(cheng)一種主體性基層(ceng)材(cai)料得以廣泛應用。

一、施工注意事項

（一）、一般要求

將(jiang)作(zuo)業面的(de)(de)表面的(de)(de)雜土、污水(shui)(shui)等徹底清除，同(tong)時(shi)在(zai)表面撒上(shang)(shang)水(shui)(shui)保持濕潤。在(zai)準(zhun)備攤(tan)鋪工作(zuo)之(zhi)前(qian)，頭一(yi)天要測量放樣，攤(tan)鋪機寬(kuan)度和傳感器之(zhi)間，在(zai)直線(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)間距一(yi)般為10米，在(zai)平(ping)曲線(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)則為5米，同(tong)時(shi)做好(hao)(hao)記號(hao)，準(zhun)備好(hao)(hao)導(dao)向(xiang)的(de)(de)控(kong)制線(xian)(xian)支架，再按照松(song)鋪的(de)(de)系數，將(jiang)厚度計算(suan)出，確定(ding)(ding)出導(dao)向(xiang)控(kong)制線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)高(gao)度，并(bing)將(jiang)控(kong)制線(xian)(xian)掛好(hao)(hao)。控(kong)制線(xian)(xian)具有(you)控(kong)制攤(tan)鋪機攤(tan)厚度的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，其鋼絲的(de)(de)拉力(li)應力(li)必須(xu)超過800N。對于下層的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)泥(ni)穩定(ding)(ding)碎(sui)石(shi)施工，在(zai)施工完成(cheng)后的(de)(de)一(yi)周，便可以開始上(shang)(shang)層的(de)(de)施工。

（二）、混合料的拌合

在(zai)進行(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)拌(ban)合(he)之前，準備(bei)的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)要(yao)(yao)足夠(gou)3—5天的(de)(de)分(fen)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。每次開始拌(ban)合(he)之前，要(yao)(yao)對拌(ban)和場里(li)各(ge)個(ge)地方(fang)的(de)(de)集(ji)料(liao)進行(xing)含(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)檢查，并將各(ge)自的(de)(de)配合(he)比例算出，外加水(shui)(shui)(shui)和材(cai)料(liao)自身的(de)(de)含(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)相加，要(yao)(yao)稍高于(yu)最佳含(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。真正的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥分(fen)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，是能(neng)夠(gou)超出混(hun)合(he)料(liao)在(zai)設(she)計(ji)時規定的(de)(de)劑量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)0.5%左右(you)。真正用于(yu)施工的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥分(fen)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與根據在(zai)現場抽樣檢查的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥分(fen)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，要(yao)(yao)在(zai)4.5%以內。要(yao)(yao)以縮小施工的(de)(de)偏差(cha)來(lai)做施工剩余強度的(de)(de)估計(ji)，絕對不(bu)能(neng)夠(gou)用增加水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥用量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)方(fang)法來(lai)對路面基層的(de)(de)強度進行(xing)提升。

（三）、混合(he)料的運輸

在(zai)(zai)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)車(che)運(yun)(yun)(yun)送材料(liao)前，要(yao)(yao)嚴格對運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)車(che)進行檢查(cha)，并且(qie)把車(che)廂打(da)掃干凈。運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)車(che)的(de)數(shu)量要(yao)(yao)與材料(liao)的(de)分(fen)量成正比(bi)，在(zai)(zai)情(qing)況(kuang)婿的(de)條件下，多出一(yi)輛也可。要(yao)(yao)及(ji)時將混(hun)(hun)合(he)料(liao)輸(shu)送到施工現場。混(hun)(hun)合(he)料(liao)在(zai)(zai)車(che)上要(yao)(yao)進行覆蓋，從(cong)而降低水分(fen)的(de)流(liu)失速度(du)。在(zai)(zai)進行混(hun)(hun)合(he)料(liao)的(de)壓實時，要(yao)(yao)先穩壓，壓實的(de)次數(shu)恰當，壓實度(du)為90%，其(qi)次開(kai)始輕(qing)振(zhen)動(dong)碾壓，再加重振(zhen)動(dong)，最后利用(yong)膠輪穩壓，直至(zhi)沒(mei)有明(ming)顯的(de)車(che)輪痕跡便可停止。

（四）、養生(sheng)與交通管制

在(zai)碾壓結(jie)束后，必須迅速(su)開(kai)始著(zhu)手養生工作(zuo)，并要檢查其壓實度。要把草袋或者麻布用水(shui)(shui)打濕，繼而放(fang)在(zai)基層的(de)頂面覆蓋。2小時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)后，繼續(xu)灑(sa)水(shui)(shui)保濕。連(lian)續(xu)一(yi)周內(nei)都要使其保持在(zai)濕潤(run)的(de)狀態(tai)之(zhi)(zhi)下，28天之(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)進行正(zheng)常(chang)的(de)養護工作(zuo)。絕對不能用塑(su)料薄膜(mo)、塑(su)料編(bian)織物(wu)覆蓋。在(zai)上層路面的(de)作(zuo)業時(shi)，可將覆蓋物(wu)移(yi)除，施工完成后，要徹底去除覆蓋物(wu)一(yi)起殘(can)留物(wu)。

二、施工過程中的技術要點

（一）、水泥劑(ji)量(liang)的控制(zhi)

水(shui)泥劑量(liang)的(de)控制(zhi)，若(ruo)劑量(liang)太(tai)小，則不能保證穩定(ding)性(xing)。反(fan)正不僅投入(ru)成(cheng)本過大，同(tong)時還會(hui)增加裂縫，最終導致瀝青面層出現(xian)反(fan)射裂縫。因此(ci)，水(shui)機劑量(liang)必須(xu)合理恰當，準確投放(fang)。

（二(er)）、混(hun)合料現場的施工

必須(xu)每(mei)天(tian)早、中、晚都要(yao)(yao)派專(zhuan)人(ren)駐守現場(chang)(chang)，對各種集(ji)料進行含(han)(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的檢測，再依據設計(ji)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)配(pei)制出(chu)正確(que)的含(han)(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)系(xi)數，并且(qie)要(yao)(yao)結合(he)每(mei)一天(tian)現場(chang)(chang)的實際(ji)溫度(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)以及運輸(shu)的距離，計(ji)算出(chu)混合(he)料攪拌時需要(yao)(yao)加入(ru)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)。在混合(he)料進行攤鋪的施工過程(cheng)中，要(yao)(yao)將正確(que)的含(han)(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)確(que)定出(chu)，在最(zui)好的條件下，由壓路機來及時進行碾(nian)壓。含(han)(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)如果小于最(zui)佳(jia)含(han)(han)(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)，則會使混合(he)料強度(du)(du)與密度(du)(du)不(bu)達標，容易松散，不(bu)容易成型。反之則會使混合(he)料的干縮性增加，在投(tou)入(ru)使用(yong)時很快(kuai)出(chu)現裂(lie)縫。

（三）、混合料(liao)的輸(shu)出(chu)

通(tong)過(guo)攪拌(ban)(ban)站輸(shu)出的(de)水(shui)穩混合料(liao)，要盡可能(neng)的(de)將出料(liao)的(de)高(gao)度減少(shao)，在(zai)成(cheng)品倉內(nei)要安裝攪拌(ban)(ban)設備，同時(shi)能(neng)夠(gou)偶爾堆(dui)放材料(liao)。放料(liao)的(de)入口(kou)位置與運輸(shu)輛(liang)的(de)位置之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)距離，不(bu)能(neng)高(gao)于(yu)2米，運料(liao)車在(zai)進行(xing)(xing)混合料(liao)的(de)裝料(liao)時(shi)，要保證裝料(liao)的(de)均勻性，以免材料(liao)堆(dui)積過(guo)高(gao)。同時(shi)也要勻速行(xing)(xing)駛(shi)，無(wu)論是起步還是剎車，都(dou)要平穩踏實，切忌快(kuai)速行(xing)(xing)車以及顛簸。攤鋪時(shi)，寬度要在(zai)6米之(zhi)內(nei)。

（四）、混合(he)料的攤鋪

混合料(liao)在(zai)準備(bei)攤(tan)鋪之前，先要(yao)(yao)把下承層的(de)表(biao)部徹底打掃，將雜物、灰塵去除，同時要(yao)(yao)灑(sa)上水保持濕潤(run)。攤(tan)鋪機(ji)要(yao)(yao)按(an)照制(zhi)定好(hao)(hao)的(de)松(song)鋪系數(shu)調整好(hao)(hao)。攤(tan)鋪工(gong)作工(gong)程中，攤(tan)鋪范圍進(jin)行到大概10米的(de)時候，便要(yao)(yao)對攤(tan)鋪面(mian)標高(gao)、厚(hou)度(du)以及(ji)橫(heng)(heng)坡進(jin)行檢查(cha)。如果檢測出與設計要(yao)(yao)求有出入(ru)，則要(yao)(yao)合理糾(jiu)正(zheng)之后(hou)再繼續工(gong)作。要(yao)(yao)每(mei)隔(ge)(ge)10米進(jin)行松(song)鋪系數(shu)的(de)檢查(cha)，同時要(yao)(yao)做好(hao)(hao)相應的(de)記錄，每(mei)隔(ge)(ge)50米，進(jin)行橫(heng)(heng)坡的(de)檢查(cha)。要(yao)(yao)以勻速向(xiang)前的(de)速度(du)保持前進(jin)，為了使平整度(du)質(zhi)量良(liang)好(hao)(hao)，可以設置攤(tan)鋪機(ji)傳感器的(de)自動控制(zhi)標高(gao)功能。

（五）、混合料的壓實

水穩(wen)(wen)基層(ceng)的(de)碾(nian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)是非常重要(yao)的(de)，穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)采用(yong)6t—8t的(de)雙鋼輪壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)機進(jin)行，另外將(jiang)振(zhen)動(dong)關閉的(de)30t壓(ya)(ya)(ya)路(lu)機也(ye)可以，每一(yi)(yi)次錯(cuo)輪的(de)寬度(du)為鋼輪的(de)一(yi)(yi)半，碾(nian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)次數為1—2遍(bian)。穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)結束后(hou)(hou)變進(jin)行找平，隨(sui)后(hou)(hou)繼續穩(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，持續1—2遍(bian)，待(dai)工作確(que)認無誤后(hou)(hou)，再進(jin)行復壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，錯(cuo)輪寬度(du)為前(qian)輪的(de)三分之一(yi)(yi)，次數為4—6遍(bian)。

（六）、混(hun)合料的養生

混合(he)料(liao)(liao)的(de)壓(ya)實度經檢驗合(he)格(ge)后，要(yao)迅速進入(ru)養生(sheng)工作。覆(fu)蓋物可以選擇防(fang)水的(de)塑料(liao)(liao)薄膜或(huo)者濕砂，另外(wai)瀝青乳液也可以。養生(sheng)的(de)日期要(yao)超(chao)過7天，并且要(yao)派專人看(kan)管，除了灑水車之外(wai)，禁止(zhi)車輛出入(ru)，尤其是重型車輛。

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篇5

【關鍵詞】橋梁隧道工(gong)程；施工(gong)技(ji)術；質量控制

目前(qian)，我國(guo)交(jiao)通運輸行業獲(huo)得較為快速的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展，橋梁隧道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)現代交(jiao)通建(jian)設(she)項目中占據非(fei)常重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)[1]。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)在(zai)橋梁隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中要(yao)(yao)嚴格管理施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，因為施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)點(dian)具有非(fei)常復雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)點(dian)，容易發(fa)(fa)生事故問題(ti)。因此，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)需要(yao)(yao)掌握橋梁隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)相關施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術，并了解其容易出(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，及時采取措施(shi)(shi)進行質量控制，確保在(zai)提高施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時，獲(huo)得良好的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會效益。

一、橋梁隧道工程常(chang)見質量(liang)問題

（一）鋪裝層脫落

橋梁隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)時常常由(you)于施(shi)工(gong)人員過度重(zhong)視(shi)外(wai)觀(guan)美觀(guan)性(xing)，容易出(chu)現鋪裝(zhuang)層脫落的(de)情況，加上對于橋梁隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)未給予重(zhong)視(shi)，沒有(you)根(gen)據相(xiang)關(guan)施(shi)工(gong)規范(fan)的(de)要(yao)求進行施(shi)工(gong)操作，造成(cheng)隧(sui)道(dao)鋪裝(zhuang)層出(chu)現脫落、松動以及裂紋等(deng)質量(liang)缺陷。

（二）鋼筋銹蝕

大部分(fen)施工人員(yuan)缺(que)乏保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)意識(shi)，尚未通過(guo)針(zhen)對(dui)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)對(dui)策保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)，鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)在(zai)空(kong)氣中暴(bao)露(lu)時沒有采用涂(tu)(tu)層操(cao)(cao)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)，或者在(zai)涂(tu)(tu)層操(cao)(cao)作施工時具有較差的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范(fan)性(xing)。鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)長(chang)時間暴(bao)露(lu)在(zai)空(kong)氣中會出(chu)現水和氧氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)改變，導致(zhi)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)出(chu)現銹(xiu)蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況。同(tong)時，即便施工人員(yuan)根據相關(guan)要求(qiu)采用措施進行鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)時，無法(fa)有效避免鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)出(chu)現銹(xiu)蝕的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況，例如，鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)運(yun)輸以及(ji)儲(chu)藏過(guo)程中受到磕碰均(jun)會在(zai)一定程度上破壞土層。

（三(san)）混(hun)凝土裂(lie)縫問(wen)題

橋(qiao)梁隧道施工(gong)(gong)中混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)發揮著非常重要(yao)(yao)的作(zuo)用，同(tong)時混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)結構也較為常見出現裂縫O質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問題，在(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)上影(ying)(ying)響施工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)[2]。導致混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程出現裂縫的原因較多，例如(ru)，施工(gong)(gong)人員沒有(you)根據相關規(gui)范要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)進(jin)行施工(gong)(gong)或(huo)者混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)達不到要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)等(deng)均會影(ying)(ying)響混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)程。另(ling)外，混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)配置達不到質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)、后期缺(que)乏(fa)有(you)效的養護(hu)以及管理、缺(que)乏(fa)合理的澆灌、尚未清晰認識混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)施工(gong)(gong)強度(du)等(deng)均是造成混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)結構出現裂縫的因素。

二、橋梁隧(sui)道工程的相(xiang)關施工技術

（一）挪(nuo)威法施工要(yao)點(dian)

挪(nuo)威法(fa)的基礎理(li)論(lun)是以(yi)巖體本(ben)身承載作用(yong)為主，通過(guo)支護輔助巖體加(jia)固施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。挪(nuo)威法(fa)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)具(ju)有維修方便、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)快捷、建(jian)(jian)設成本(ben)低(di)等優勢，在橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)中具(ju)有較(jiao)為良好的效(xiao)果，尤其在硬巖橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中占據著非常重要(yao)(yao)的位置[3]。橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在應用(yong)挪(nuo)威法(fa)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)時需(xu)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前兩次地(di)質勘(kan)探(tan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作給(gei)予重視，因(yin)為挪(nuo)威法(fa)無需(xu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)超前地(di)質預報環節，因(yin)此將圓形觀測(ce)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作量有效(xiao)減少，不需(xu)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)再次襯(chen)砌施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，可以(yi)促進(jin)(jin)(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設成本(ben)明顯降低(di)。若橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程防水板發(fa)生(sheng)漏水問(wen)題，能(neng)夠(gou)立(li)即給(gei)予局部修補，對(dui)降低(di)維修難(nan)度(du)以(yi)及維修費用(yong)有一(yi)定的幫助，同時對(dui)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)(liang)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程正(zheng)常施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)度(du)不會產(chan)生(sheng)影響(xiang)。

（二）新奧法施工要點

相對于挪(nuo)威法(fa)來說(shuo)，新(xin)奧法(fa)有(you)著極大的(de)相似點。目前(qian)，我國橋(qiao)梁隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)新(xin)奧法(fa)又可稱為錨(mao)噴(pen)構筑(zhu)法(fa)。新(xin)奧法(fa)具(ju)有(you)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)高、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)經(jing)驗成(cheng)熟、投資成(cheng)本小、地(di)面(mian)干(gan)擾小等(deng)優勢，在(zai)(zai)山嶺隧道(dao)、礦山巷道(dao)、城市地(di)鐵等(deng)地(di)下隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)廣泛應用。軟巖或(huo)者(zhe)硬巖隧道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)比較適合使用新(xin)奧法(fa)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術，新(xin)奧法(fa)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)原理(li)（詳見(jian)圖1）主要是促(cu)進(jin)圍(wei)(wei)巖自承作(zuo)用得到(dao)最大程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度發揮，通(tong)過(guo)圍(wei)(wei)巖自承能力以(yi)及(ji)(ji)開(kai)挖(wa)面(mian)空(kong)間約(yue)束進(jin)行(xing)測量(liang)技術、噴(pen)射混凝土、錨(mao)桿加(jia)固等(deng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，通(tong)過(guo)加(jia)固處(chu)理(li)圍(wei)(wei)巖，確(que)保(bao)圍(wei)(wei)巖松弛(chi)、變形等(deng)情(qing)況得到(dao)有(you)效控制[4]。另外(wai)，新(xin)奧法(fa)采(cai)用監控以(yi)及(ji)(ji)測量(liang)圍(wei)(wei)巖以(yi)及(ji)(ji)支護(hu)，確(que)保(bao)能夠(gou)給(gei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計施(shi)工(gong)(gong)奠定良(liang)好的(de)基(ji)礎。在(zai)(zai)巖石(shi)地(di)層(ceng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)有(you)效運(yun)用新(xin)奧法(fa)，能夠(gou)通(tong)過(guo)分步開(kai)挖(wa)或(huo)者(zhe)全斷面(mian)一次開(kai)挖(wa)的(de)方(fang)式(shi)，進(jin)行(xing)錨(mao)噴(pen)支護(hu)復合襯(chen)砌以(yi)及(ji)(ji)錨(mao)噴(pen)支護(hu)，通(tong)過(guo)分析橋(qiao)梁隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)具(ju)體(ti)情(qing)況進(jin)行(xing)二次襯(chen)砌，在(zai)(zai)土質地(di)層(ceng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)運(yun)用新(xin)奧法(fa)，在(zai)(zai)加(jia)固地(di)層(ceng)后，方(fang)能進(jin)行(xing)襯(chen)砌以(yi)及(ji)(ji)支護(hu)開(kai)挖(wa)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)。

圖1 新奧法(fa)施工原理

（三）掘進機法施工(gong)要(yao)點

掘進(jin)機(ji)法(fa)主要(yao)(yao)是通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)特制的大型(xing)切削設備，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)刀盤與巖(yan)壁(bi)緊貼后，采用(yong)盤型(xing)滾刀破碎(sui)巖(yan)石，確保隧道斷(duan)面能夠實(shi)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)次(ci)成(cheng)型(xing)。現(xian)(xian)今，掘進(jin)機(ji)法(fa)在具體施工(gong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程中，因(yin)為其機(ji)械工(gong)藝、制造工(gong)藝、理論基礎仍未獲(huo)得全面發展，所以施工(gong)單位需要(yao)(yao)不斷(duan)改良(liang)施工(gong)技術(shu)。掘進(jin)機(ji)法(fa)可以通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)皮帶運(yun)輸(shu)機(ji)全面排除破碎(sui)產(chan)生的土屑以及(ji)巖(yan)渣，從而使(shi)運(yun)輸(shu)工(gong)序達到(dao)簡便易行(xing)的效果，對(dui)掘進(jin)速(su)度不會產(chan)生影響。通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)集中控(kong)制的方式進(jin)行(xing)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)，能夠促進(jin)遠距(ju)離(li)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)以及(ji)自動化操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)得以實(shi)現(xian)(xian)。

（四）沉管法(fa)施工要(yao)點(dian)

沉(chen)管(guan)法又(you)稱為預(yu)制管(guan)段沉(chen)放法，在水(shui)底隧道建設中獲(huo)得較為廣泛的應用(yong)。沉(chen)管(guan)法主要(yao)是采用(yong)預(yu)制隧道管(guan)道的方式，把其托運到(dao)設計隧道的具置，通過(guo)管(guan)段加載效果確保(bao)其能夠下沉(chen)到(dao)事先(xian)挖好(hao)的水(shui)底溝槽位置，直到(dao)完成沉(chen)放管(guan)道的工(gong)作后，通過(guo)水(shui)力(li)壓接(jie)法相(xiang)互連接(jie)彼此相(xiang)鄰的兩段管(guan)道，接(jie)著進行封(feng)閉墻拆除施工(gong)，確保(bao)隧道的完整性(xing)。

三、橋(qiao)梁隧道工(gong)程施工(gong)技術質量(liang)控制對策(ce)

（一(yi)）預防(fang)鋪裝層脫(tuo)落對策

施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)人員(yuan)在施(shi)(shi)工時要對鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)厚度進行正確掌握，接著通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)分析實際的(de)(de)(de)情況，選擇(ze)材質優良的(de)(de)(de)材料，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)方式能夠促進鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)出(chu)(chu)現斷(duan)裂的(de)(de)(de)情況有效(xiao)減少。鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)施(shi)(shi)工時需要合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)防水材料，通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)方式不僅(jin)可以(yi)促進鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)施(shi)(shi)工質量得(de)(de)到有效(xiao)提(ti)高，還可使(shi)(shi)鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)年(nian)限有效(xiao)延長。鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)質量在很(hen)大程度上受到地(di)理(li)位置的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，因此，在施(shi)(shi)工時通(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)分析地(di)理(li)位置地(di)貌、地(di)勢、地(di)形等(deng)，進行針(zhen)對性的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)，可以(yi)促進鋪(pu)(pu)(pu)裝(zhuang)層(ceng)出(chu)(chu)現裂縫的(de)(de)(de)情況得(de)(de)到明顯(xian)減少[5]。

（二）防御鋼筋銹蝕的對策

施(shi)(shi)工人員在施(shi)(shi)工時采用涂(tu)層處理的方(fang)式可以使鋼筋銹蝕(shi)情(qing)況(kuang)得到有(you)效避免(mian)，完成(cheng)涂(tu)層操作(zuo)時要通過針對性(xing)的保護對策，盡(jin)可能避免(mian)運輸以及儲(chu)存(cun)鋼筋時由于碰撞出現掉層的情(qing)況(kuang)。若鋼筋出現銹蝕(shi)情(qing)況(kuang)，可以通過措施(shi)(shi)有(you)效處理銹蝕(shi)部分。

（三）加大(da)控制隧道裂縫的力(li)度

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員需要(yao)(yao)嚴格根據相關(guan)標準進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)以(yi)及混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)配合(he)(he)比設計(ji)(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員要(yao)(yao)對(dui)裂縫情況進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)驗算(suan)(suan)，對(dui)于不同部位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)構建(jian)要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)不同強度(du)等級的(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)配筋率(lv)時要(yao)(yao)確(que)保計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)公式計(ji)(ji)算(suan)(suan)結果(guo)以(yi)及準確(que)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)精(jing)確(que)性(xing)。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)水灰比、水泥用(yong)量進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)嚴格控制(zhi)，通過分析混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)強度(du)要(yao)(yao)求合(he)(he)理的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)外加(jia)劑或者摻合(he)(he)料[6]。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)需要(yao)(yao)加(jia)大施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人員施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)培訓力度(du)，使(shi)其能掌握(wo)有(you)效控制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)裂縫的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)，從根本上(shang)提(ti)高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量。

（四）保障原材(cai)料質量

橋梁隧道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)是否(fou)能夠有(you)著良好(hao)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量，在很大程(cheng)度上受到原材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)影響。所以(yi)，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)應該重(zhong)視采購材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，嚴格(ge)(ge)調查供應商的(de)(de)信用情(qing)況以(yi)及(ji)資質(zhi)，不僅要(yao)保障施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)質(zhi)量，同時還(huan)要(yao)促進(jin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料價格(ge)(ge)有(you)所降(jiang)低，使企業經濟效(xiao)益明顯提(ti)高[7]。禁(jin)止質(zhi)量不合格(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料進(jin)入施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場，每隔一(yi)段時間抽檢施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料，對鋼(gang)筋材(cai)(cai)(cai)料、混凝(ning)土(tu)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)合格(ge)(ge)證明進(jin)行嚴格(ge)(ge)審查，規范(fan)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)存儲工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，避免出現受損等情(qing)況。

結束語

橋梁(liang)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)是否有著良好的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)對(dui)(dui)人們生(sheng)命財產(chan)安(an)(an)全有著直接的(de)影響。所(suo)以(yi)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位應該(gai)完善橋梁(liang)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術，對(dui)(dui)于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)容(rong)易出現(xian)的(de)問題，要及時采(cai)取(qu)措施(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處理，有效控制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)，為順(shun)利進(jin)(jin)行(xing)橋梁(liang)隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)環節提(ti)供保障。從根本(ben)上促進(jin)(jin)橋梁(liang)隧(sui)道(dao)建(jian)設的(de)質量(liang)以(yi)及安(an)(an)全性明顯(xian)提(ti)高(gao)，確保橋梁(liang)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)能夠與我國經濟社會(hui)發展的(de)需(xu)求互(hu)相符合，為居民正(zheng)常生(sheng)活提(ti)供良好的(de)服務。

參考文獻：

[1]金(jin)傳勇.探究道(dao)路橋梁隧道(dao)工(gong)程施工(gong)中的難(nan)點和技術對策[J].江(jiang)西(xi)建材，2015（04）：288-289.

[2]羅富強.道(dao)路橋梁(liang)隧(sui)道(dao)工程施工技術研究[J].科技資訊(xun)，2014（06）：367-368.

[3]于則彬.橋(qiao)梁隧道工程(cheng)的(de)施(shi)工技術(shu)分析[J].黑龍江科技信息，2014（07）：266-267.

[4]滕忠(zhong)來，李建(jian)設.公(gong)路橋梁涵洞隧道工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)技術應用[J].中(zhong)華民居（下旬(xun)刊），2013（06）：763-764.

[5]班立彥.公路橋梁隧道施(shi)工存在的問題(ti)及對策[J].科技資訊，2014（09）：624-625.

[6]劉(liu)盼龍. 關于橋(qiao)梁隧道(dao)路(lu)面(mian)施(shi)工質(zhi)量控制的(de)研究[J].城市建筑，2013，04：270+274.

篇6

【關鍵字】隧(sui)道施工；施工管理(li)；安全管理(li)

隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)是一項(xiang)包(bao)含了隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)期管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、技(ji)術管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)、成(cheng)本管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)等(deng)多(duo)方面(mian)的綜(zong)合管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)行(xing)(xing)為，而(er)且由于(yu)在(zai)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)有著眾多(duo)技(ji)術難點(dian)(dian)和要(yao)點(dian)(dian)，在(zai)加強隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中(zhong)也(ye)應當針對這些難點(dian)(dian)問題(ti)進行(xing)(xing)解(jie)決。在(zai)加強隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)中(zhong)，首先應當正確認識隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)的重要(yao)性，樹(shu)立科(ke)學的隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)觀念，并且應當尋找在(zai)機制和制度中(zhong)對隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)進行(xing)(xing)更加嚴格的規范。

1、隧道工程施(shi)工所具有(you)的特點

1.1地質條件比較復雜(za)

在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)設中，普通(tong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)設多于地表進行(xing)，雖然在(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)(du)上也會受(shou)到地質(zhi)條件(jian)的影(ying)響(xiang)，但(dan)是(shi)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)則不同，其(qi)為地表下(xia)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，或(huo)是(shi)穿山，或(huo)是(shi)在(zai)地下(xia)構建(jian)(jian)隧(sui)道(dao)，所以比較容易受(shou)到地質(zhi)條件(jian)的影(ying)響(xiang)。而通(tong)常情況下(xia)，隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地基(ji)巖土的性質(zhi)和水文地質(zhi)條件(jian)等(deng)都比較復雜，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中很難對(dui)其(qi)進行(xing)有效控制，故而在(zai)一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)(du)上增加(jia)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的風險，也增加(jia)了施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作難度(du)(du)。

1.2工程(cheng)施(shi)工風險(xian)的發生具(ju)有不確定(ding)性

在(zai)(zai)(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，由(you)于受到(dao)地質條件比較(jiao)(jiao)復雜以及(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場(chang)地勘(kan)察資料有(you)限"工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設計(ji)計(ji)算理論不(bu)(bu)(bu)完善等(deng)各方(fang)面(mian)因(yin)素的影(ying)(ying)(ying)響，所以使得在(zai)(zai)(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建設過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，并不(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)對(dui)(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風險進(jin)(jin)行有(you)效防(fang)控。另外，在(zai)(zai)(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，由(you)于不(bu)(bu)(bu)可避免會受到(dao)自然環(huan)境(jing)以及(ji)天氣(qi)變化等(deng)外在(zai)(zai)(zai)因(yin)素的影(ying)(ying)(ying)響，所以使隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風險的發生具有(you)了(le)不(bu)(bu)(bu)確定性的特(te)點。這種特(te)點，在(zai)(zai)(zai)一定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上增加(jia)了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理難(nan)度(du)，也在(zai)(zai)(zai)一定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上對(dui)(dui)(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員的生命安(an)全造成(cheng)了(le)威脅。對(dui)(dui)(dui)周邊建筑物和環(huan)境(jing)具有(you)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響在(zai)(zai)(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，由(you)于需(xu)要在(zai)(zai)(zai)地下(xia)開挖隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，所以不(bu)(bu)(bu)可避免的會對(dui)(dui)(dui)周圍(wei)的土(tu)體造成(cheng)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響，進(jin)(jin)而在(zai)(zai)(zai)一定程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上對(dui)(dui)(dui)周邊建筑物和環(huan)境(jing)造成(cheng)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響。尤其是在(zai)(zai)(zai)建筑物比較(jiao)(jiao)密集的城市之中進(jin)(jin)行隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)，更會因(yin)為坍塌等(deng)事故的發生對(dui)(dui)(dui)周邊人(ren)民(min)群眾的生命財產造成(cheng)威脅，潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)危害比較(jiao)(jiao)嚴重，大(da)大(da)增加(jia)了(le)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的管理難(nan)度(du)。

2、隧道施工管理

2.1 隧道(dao)施工質量(liang)管理

2.1.1 材料(liao)進場檢驗控制與管理(li)

材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進場后，必(bi)須由材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)員驗(yan)(yan)收（必(bi)要(yao)時(shi)約請質(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)員或(huo)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)員參加(jia)），并(bing)(bing)送至工地試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)。檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)的(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)工地試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)主任(ren)通知(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)員后方可(ke)使用；檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)(yan)不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)的(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，由工地試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)主任(ren)通知(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)員，材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)員對不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)作好(hao)不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)標識(shi)，并(bing)(bing)隔離堆(dui)放，由材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)部門執行《不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)控制(zhi)程(cheng)序》，填《不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)(he)格(ge)(ge)物資記(ji)錄單》并(bing)(bing)及時(shi)清(qing)理出施工現場。工地試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)應(ying)建立材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進場臺(tai)賬(zhang)(zhang)、取樣抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)臺(tai)賬(zhang)(zhang)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)臺(tai)賬(zhang)(zhang)、試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)報告、試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)原(yuan)始記(ji)錄、試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)儀器使用記(ji)錄，且各項(xiang)記(ji)錄的(de)時(shi)間邏輯、數據要(yao)一(yi)一(yi)對應(ying)。外委試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)要(yao)建立外委試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)登記(ji)記(ji)錄，材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進場臺(tai)賬(zhang)(zhang)、抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)臺(tai)賬(zhang)(zhang)與(yu)試(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)報告要(yao)一(yi)一(yi)對應(ying)。

2.1.2 工序質量檢驗(yan)控(kong)制

每(mei)道工(gong)(gong)序(xu)完(wan)成(cheng)后(hou)(hou)，嚴格(ge)(ge)(ge)執行(xing)“三(san)檢(jian)制”和(he)“三(san)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)活動”。由(you)(you)上道工(gong)(gong)序(xu)現(xian)場技術(shu)員(yuan)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)班組負責(ze)人按質量檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)評定標準、設計要(yao)求進(jin)(jin)行(xing)“自檢(jian)”；自檢(jian)合格(ge)(ge)(ge)后(hou)(hou)由(you)(you)質檢(jian)科對(dui)其(qi)自檢(jian)的結果(guo)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)“專(zhuan)檢(jian)”，對(dui)于(yu)鋼筋(jin)接(jie)頭、混凝土、砂漿、錨桿等的檢(jian)測，必須通知(zhi)工(gong)(gong)地試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室參加，并約(yue)請專(zhuan)業監(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程師(shi)及試驗(yan)(yan)(yan)監(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程師(shi)參加；確認合格(ge)(ge)(ge)后(hou)(hou)由(you)(you)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)主管技術(shu)員(yuan)或項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)處長(chang)(chang)組織(zhi)現(xian)場技術(shu)員(yuan)、上下(xia)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)班組長(chang)(chang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)“交(jiao)接(jie)檢(jian)”，雙方在其(qi)記錄表中(zhong)簽字(zi)，才可轉入(ru)下(xia)一(yi)道工(gong)(gong)序(xu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)，各相(xiang)關責(ze)任人員(yuan)分別(bie)保存相(xiang)關記錄。隱蔽工(gong)(gong)程完(wan)成(cheng)后(hou)(hou)，在下(xia)一(yi)道工(gong)(gong)序(xu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)前先由(you)(you)現(xian)場技術(shu)員(yuan)組織(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)“自檢(jian)”，自檢(jian)合格(ge)(ge)(ge)后(hou)(hou)由(you)(you)質檢(jian)員(yuan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)“專(zhuan)檢(jian)”，專(zhuan)檢(jian)合格(ge)(ge)(ge)后(hou)(hou)由(you)(you)現(xian)場技術(shu)員(yuan)填寫相(xiang)關檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)記錄，表格(ge)(ge)(ge)填好后(hou)(hou)交(jiao)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)部質檢(jian)科檢(jian)查，并補充其(qi)他相(xiang)關資(zi)料匯總后(hou)(hou)，由(you)(you)質檢(jian)科約(yue)請監(jian)(jian)理(li)工(gong)(gong)程師(shi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收和(he)簽認，合格(ge)(ge)(ge)后(hou)(hou)方可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)下(xia)道工(gong)(gong)序(xu)。

2.1.3 質量檢查

項(xiang)(xiang)目部質(zhi)量管理(li)小組(zu)每月(yue)組(zu)織一(yi)次(ci)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)地(di)的(de)質(zhi)量大檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，并形成(cheng)《檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)記(ji)(ji)錄》，一(yi)式兩份(fen)(fen)，一(yi)份(fen)(fen)自存，一(yi)份(fen)(fen)報(bao)(bao)質(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)科(ke)備案(an)(an)；對(dui)于檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)中發(fa)(fa)現問(wen)(wen)(wen)題的(de)，對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)班(ban)組(zu)下(xia)發(fa)(fa)《檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)通(tong)知單》，限期整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)，并監督整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)，將整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)報(bao)(bao)質(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)科(ke)留存。質(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)科(ke)質(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)員每月(yue)不定期對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目部在建工(gong)(gong)程實(shi)行(xing)日常(chang)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，并形成(cheng)《檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)記(ji)(ji)錄》；對(dui)于檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)中發(fa)(fa)現問(wen)(wen)(wen)題的(de)，對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目處或施工(gong)(gong)班(ban)組(zu)下(xia)發(fa)(fa)《檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)通(tong)知單》，限期整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)，并監督整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)，整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)一(yi)份(fen)(fen)質(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)科(ke)留存，一(yi)份(fen)(fen)報(bao)(bao)項(xiang)(xiang)目總工(gong)(gong)備案(an)(an)。項(xiang)(xiang)目部每個季度(du)由項(xiang)(xiang)目總工(gong)(gong)組(zu)織一(yi)次(ci)對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目部在建工(gong)(gong)程的(de)大檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)，并形成(cheng)《檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)記(ji)(ji)錄》；對(dui)于檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)中發(fa)(fa)現問(wen)(wen)(wen)題的(de)，對(dui)項(xiang)(xiang)目處或施工(gong)(gong)班(ban)組(zu)下(xia)發(fa)(fa)《檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)通(tong)知單》，限期整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)，并監督整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)，整(zheng)(zheng)改(gai)(gai)(gai)(gai)結(jie)果(guo)(guo)一(yi)份(fen)(fen)項(xiang)(xiang)目總工(gong)(gong)留存，一(yi)份(fen)(fen)報(bao)(bao)項(xiang)(xiang)目經理(li)備案(an)(an)。

3、隧道施工安全(quan)管理

3.1存在的問題

目(mu)前(qian)(qian)我國隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)管(guan)理(li)存在的(de)(de)問題(ti)主(zhu)要有(you)：1）安全(quan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)機構(gou)不(bu)完善。目(mu)前(qian)(qian)我國隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)體系(xi)一般采用傳統的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)形(xing)式，傳統的(de)(de)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)機構(gou)對安全(quan)管(guan)理(li)缺乏(fa)足夠(gou)的(de)(de)重視，通常把施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)進度、效益放在第一位(wei)。另外(wai)，一些隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)承包商把工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)分包給民工(gong)(gong)隊伍，對民工(gong)(gong)隊伍的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)又缺乏(fa)指導與監督檢查，沒有(you)建立相應的(de)(de)安全(quan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)機構(gou)或(huo)是組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)機構(gou)不(bu)完善，不(bu)能正(zheng)確(que)處理(li)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)與施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進度、安全(quan)與效益的(de)(de)關系(xi)，使得施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)沒有(you)保(bao)障。2）施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)體系(xi)不(bu)完善。目(mu)前(qian)(qian)我國隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業基層管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)比較缺乏(fa)，技(ji)術(shu)(shu)干(gan)部不(bu)足，班組(zu)(zu)長管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)組(zu)(zu)織(zhi)能力差(cha)，工(gong)(gong)人(ren)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)水平低。在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)有(you)章不(bu)循、紀律松散、無(wu)知蠻(man)干(gan)。出現(xian)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中支護不(bu)及時(shi)，襯砌(qi)遠(yuan)落(luo)后于掘進，錨(mao)噴支護不(bu)符合設計要求，掘進尺度過大，通風(feng)除塵不(bu)暢等現(xian)象，給施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)留下了很大隱患[1]。

3.2改進方法

（1）完善(shan)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)組織(zhi)機(ji)構。我國(guo)隧道施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)主要組織(zhi)機(ji)構是由公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)總部、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)、基(ji)層單(dan)位(wei)(wei)組成。因此也就應(ying)該有相應(ying)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)機(ji)構，即應(ying)該有公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、質量監(jian)(jian)督管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)督組織(zhi)，基(ji)層安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)。各安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)人(ren)員(yuan)要求(qiu)具有一定的(de)(de)相關(guan)專(zhuan)業知識和安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)經(jing)驗，應(ying)熟悉隧道施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)相關(guan)的(de)(de)標準規范和操作流程(cheng)。另(ling)外(wai)，像電工(gong)(gong)(gong)、電焊工(gong)(gong)(gong)、爆(bao)破工(gong)(gong)(gong)等(deng)特殊(shu)作業工(gong)(gong)(gong)種人(ren)員(yuan)應(ying)持(chi)有相應(ying)的(de)(de)上(shang)崗證才能作業。同時制(zhi)定完善(shan)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)制(zhi)度，公(gong)司(si)(si)(si)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)、質量監(jian)(jian)督管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)應(ying)定期對(dui)隧道的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)抽(chou)查，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)和基(ji)層安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)組織(zhi)應(ying)對(dui)隧道每(mei)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)序的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監(jian)(jian)督。在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)做好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)記錄(lu)，并定期對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員(yuan)進行(xing)相關(guan)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)培(pei)訓。

（2）完善施(shi)工(gong)管理體系。完善施(shi)工(gong)管理體系是做好隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)安(an)(an)全管理的(de)關(guan)鍵，采用科(ke)學合理的(de)施(shi)工(gong)方法，控制好隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)的(de)同時，確保施(shi)工(gong)安(an)(an)全。我(wo)國隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)一般采取新奧法施(shi)工(gong)。

4、總結

交(jiao)通設(she)施建(jian)設(she)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)數(shu)量越來越多(duo)以及我國(guo)(guo)城鎮化建(jian)設(she)腳步的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)加(jia)快和城市土地(di)資(zi)源日益緊張，都使得(de)我國(guo)(guo)開始(shi)重視對地(di)下空間(jian)的(de)開發(fa)利(li)用，因(yin)此，隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)也(ye)越來越多(duo).當前，雖然我國(guo)(guo)隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)作效率(lv)較為有限，但相信(xin)在充分借(jie)鑒(jian)國(guo)(guo)外成(cheng)熟管(guan)理(li)經驗以及不(bu)斷(duan)總結摸索下，再經過一段時間(jian)的(de)努力，我國(guo)(guo)隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)一定能夠得(de)到有效管(guan)理(li)，進(jin)而實現我國(guo)(guo)隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)建(jian)設(she)的(de)安全"順利(li)"高(gao)效進(jin)行。

參考文獻：

[1]王志倫，屋，楊威，等. 管道穿(chuan)越江底隧(sui)道安(an)全風險識別與

施工管理(li)[J].油(you)氣(qi)儲運(yun)，2011（2） .

篇7

關鍵詞：大(da)斷面公路 隧道工(gong)(gong)程 盾構法 施工(gong)(gong)技術

 中圖分類號(hao)：U455.4 文獻標識碼：A 文章編號(hao)：1674-098X（2017）04（a）-0018-02

Abstract： With the application and popularization of shield construction technology， the construction technology of shield tunneling is also playing an important role in the construction management of tunnel construction in large section highway， which is the inevitable trend of future tunnel construction management. Therefore， we must attach great importance to the construction of the shield tunneling technology of the large cross-section highway tunnel construction technology， and continuously improve the application level of the shield construction technology， and effectively promote the development of modern and efficient tunnel construction technology.

Key Words：Large section highway；Tunnel engineering；Shield method；Construction technology

由于社會(hui)與(yu)科學設計技(ji)術(shu)(shu)水平不斷(duan)提升，各(ge)種隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)不斷(duan)發展，隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)以其高效、實(shi)(shi)用的(de)優勢受到廣泛應(ying)用，在(zai)(zai)保證良好的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量的(de)同時實(shi)(shi)現高效的(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)大(da)斷(duan)面公(gong)路(lu)的(de)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中，對(dui)盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)要(yao)求不斷(duan)提升，傳統落后的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)已經(jing)難(nan)以實(shi)(shi)現現代隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)需求。所以，在(zai)(zai)大(da)斷(duan)面公(gong)路(lu)的(de)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中，強化盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)應(ying)用的(de)要(yao)求至關(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)。由此可見，在(zai)(zai)社會(hui)經(jing)濟發展中，大(da)斷(duan)面公(gong)路(lu)的(de)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)具有巨大(da)的(de)意義與(yu)價值。該文主要(yao)針(zhen)對(dui)大(da)斷(duan)面公(gong)路(lu)的(de)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)用情(qing)況，結(jie)合某(mou)大(da)斷(duan)面公(gong)路(lu)的(de)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)(shi)例，從(cong)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)難(nan)點、應(ying)對(dui)措施(shi)(shi)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)要(yao)點、實(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)效果等方(fang)面對(dui)大(da)斷(duan)面公(gong)路(lu)的(de)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)(gou)(gou)法施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)應(ying)用進行了(le)研究(jiu)。

1 大斷面公路盾構法隧道施工技術難(nan)點和應對措施

1.1 大斷面公路盾構法隧道(dao)施(shi)工難(nan)點

作(zuo)業期間，盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)隧道進(jin)洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工(gong)時便(bian)出現了(le)3次這類情況(kuang)，雖然實施(shi)了(le)搶修與(yu)封堵處理，依(yi)然給附近環境帶來了(le)不(bu)利影(ying)響。當出現過凍(dong)時，盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)機掘進(jin)效率下降，造成(cheng)的頂力與(yu)扭矩將會使盾(dun)(dun)構(gou)面(mian)臨更大(da)阻礙，再者由于此(ci)時的溫(wen)度偏低，設備常常會被凍(dong)牢；當出現欠凍(dong)時，冷(leng)(leng)凍(dong)交圈難以符合(he)冷(leng)(leng)凍(dong)加(jia)固處理標準，此(ci)時產(chan)生(sheng)冷(leng)(leng)凍(dong)盲(mang)區，造成(cheng)進(jin)洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工(gong)止水(shui)等得不(bu)到保障(zhang)。

1.2 大斷面公路盾(dun)構(gou)法(fa)隧(sui)道施(shi)工技術措施(shi)

（1）進(jin)(jin)洞口進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)多重、不同(tong)形式的(de)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)。其(qi)具體(ti)實施方法為：地(di)基加(jia)(jia)固(gu)采用φ850 mm的(de)三(san)軸深層(ceng)攪拌樁(zhuang)；攪拌樁(zhuang)與地(di)墻間約30 cm空隙(xi)處采用水平局部凍(dong)結加(jia)(jia)固(gu)地(di)層(ceng)方式進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)完全膠結，以(yi)達到止水目的(de)，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)對加(jia)(jia)固(gu)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)理論計算、實測數據推(tui)算、開孔(kong)檢(jian)查(cha)，使盾構機進(jin)(jin)洞時(shi)(shi)冷凍(dong)效(xiao)果(guo)(guo)達到最佳；攪拌樁(zhuang)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)550根高壓旋噴(pen)樁(zhuang)，使整(zheng)個(ge)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)體(ti)沿(yan)軸線(xian)方向厚度達到8.9 m，并將整(zheng)個(ge)體(ti)予以(yi)封閉，使整(zheng)個(ge)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)體(ti)可以(yi)完全包裹(guo)整(zheng)個(ge)盾構機；高壓旋噴(pen)預埋劈裂注(zhu)(zhu)漿管，若發(fa)生漏水、漏泥時(shi)(shi)可進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)應(ying)急(ji)注(zhu)(zhu)漿。

（2）按照(zhao)推進尺度，盾尾離開(kai)建筑、冷凍拔管、切口到(dao)達地墻前需要停機，同時利用注漿孔完(wan)成雙(shuang)液漿打環箍，消除管片(pian)、土體兩者間的縫隙，防止水、泥、沙等到(dao)達洞門。

（3）盾尾離開(kai)建筑時，不(bu)再同步注(zhu)漿(jiang)，然后(hou)通過轉駁泵(beng)實現壁后(hou)注(zhu)漿(jiang)，且(qie)調整配(pei)合比，提高漿(jiang)液強(qiang)度。

（4）進行二次進洞(dong)施(shi)工，同時補充(chong)1環管片，一(yi)方面保證外(wai)封，另一(yi)方面節(jie)省月亮板(ban)封堵時間，降低(di)風險。

（5）加固結構外(wai)側需要部署5口減壓降水(shui)井，切掉外(wai)排鋼筋(jin)后啟動減壓降水(shui)井，能夠使外(wai)側水(shui)平在一(yi)定時間明顯(xian)減小。

（6）洞圈中需要(yao)配(pei)備(bei)盾尾刷，同時(shi)嵌入盾尾油脂，從(cong)而(er)起到防水作(zuo)用。

（7）全(quan)面監測建筑沉(chen)降情(qing)況，做到(dao)信(xin)息化施(shi)(shi)工，結合(he)所得信(xin)息隨時修(xiu)正推進施(shi)(shi)工參數。

（8）將二次建筑傾斜度(du)檢測(ce)工作確(que)定(ding)成日常任務。

（9）制定完善的(de)應(ying)急處(chu)理(li)方案，具(ju)體如下：設立領(ling)導組(zu)、現場負責小組(zu)、搶險組(zu)，如果出現險情(qing)，可以(yi)及時(shi)開展搶修(xiu)工作，保證其他(ta)人員的(de)安全；盾尾外殼開設鉆取4個孔，險情(qing)出現后能夠快(kuai)速注漿處(chu)理(li)；提前預備各種應(ying)急所需物資，包括(kuo)注漿泵、水(shui)泥、黃砂等，險情(qing)出現后能夠及時(shi)封堵，防(fang)止其進一步惡化。

1.3 大斷面公(gong)路(lu)盾構法隧道施(shi)工技術準備措施(shi)

 開展大(da)(da)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)應(ying)當(dang)全面(mian)(mian)仔細審查和(he)核對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)，同時要對(dui)(dui)有關專業(ye)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)進(jin)(jin)行嚴格把關，保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)項(xiang)目施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)有正(zheng)確的(de)依據。在(zai)這個過程中(zhong)，如(ru)果發現圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)中(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)不合理之處，則(ze)應(ying)立即(ji)改正(zheng)和(he)完善。如(ru)果設計(ji)圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)與最(zui)佳圖(tu)(tu)紙(zhi)的(de)差異(yi)較(jiao)大(da)(da)，應(ying)馬(ma)上對(dui)(dui)其進(jin)(jin)行調(diao)整，并修改現實(shi)中(zhong)相應(ying)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)空間。是否具備科(ke)學有效(xiao)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)直接決定了大(da)(da)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度的(de)快慢。因此，應(ying)對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)進(jin)(jin)行科(ke)學合理規劃，為大(da)(da)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順利進(jin)(jin)行提供保(bao)障。縮減工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價成(cheng)本，優化大(da)(da)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程周期，充分(fen)(fen)保(bao)證(zheng)(zheng)大(da)(da)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量。另外，大(da)(da)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程方案(an)的(de)確定還應(ying)該充分(fen)(fen)考慮(lv)大(da)(da)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)結構與施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝等(deng)內容。

1.4 大斷面公(gong)路盾構(gou)法隧道(dao)季節施(shi)工技術措(cuo)施(shi)

在雨(yu)季(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)時，應當在現場施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)集(ji)中建立排水、集(ji)水和(he)排污(wu)系統，保(bao)證施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)場地中不(bu)會集(ji)中過多雨(yu)水。澆搗(dao)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)的(de)過程中，必(bi)(bi)須隨時掌握好(hao)天(tian)(tian)氣動態，保(bao)證雨(yu)天(tian)(tian)不(bu)進(jin)行施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，特殊狀況除外，但必(bi)(bi)須有效做好(hao)防雨(yu)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)，提前準(zhun)備好(hao)足夠的(de)油(you)布、塑料(liao)薄膜等防雨(yu)遮蓋措施(shi)(shi)(shi)材料(liao)，并調(diao)整混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)塌(ta)落度，做好(hao)計量(liang)測試工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，準(zhun)確測量(liang)定砂(sha)、石含水量(liang)等工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，制定合適的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)配合比，不(bu)斷改(gai)進(jin)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術，保(bao)證良好(hao)的(de)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)。

冬季(ji)施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)，要(yao)保證混(hun)凝土(tu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)未受凍之前(qian)達到臨界(jie)強度，且在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)后(hou)續做好長期養護工(gong)作，保證混(hun)凝土(tu)達到合適強度后(hou)再(zai)拆(chai)模(mo)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)達到5 ℃以上混(hun)凝土(tu)再(zai)入模(mo)。攪拌砂(sha)漿材料防止存在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)冰(bing)(bing)(bing)凍塊物(wu)，若產生冰(bing)(bing)(bing)凍，應立即在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)材料上覆蓋(gai)塑料薄膜與(yu)(yu)草(cao)包。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)澆筑混(hun)凝土(tu)前(qian)，必(bi)須清除干凈模(mo)板與(yu)(yu)鋼筋上的冰(bing)(bing)(bing)雪，有效(xiao)建立良好的冬季(ji)施(shi)工(gong)測(ce)溫制(zhi)度。

1.5 大斷面公(gong)路盾構法隧(sui)道施工(gong)管理措施

在進行(xing)(xing)建(jian)設大斷(duan)面(mian)公(gong)路隧道(dao)工程(cheng)過(guo)程(cheng)中，應保證(zheng)施(shi)工良好(hao)的(de)(de)質量，因為工程(cheng)建(jian)設與(yu)經濟、行(xing)(xing)政、技(ji)(ji)術等各方面(mian)內容有緊密(mi)的(de)(de)聯系(xi)。對(dui)(dui)施(shi)工原材料、人員、方法(fa)、環(huan)境(jing)、機械設備等因素進行(xing)(xing)嚴格監(jian)督(du)管理，保證(zheng)良好(hao)的(de)(de)大斷(duan)面(mian)公(gong)路隧道(dao)施(shi)工質量與(yu)較高水平的(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術。唯(wei)有符合以(yi)上各個條件，施(shi)工質量才能不斷(duan)提(ti)高。在對(dui)(dui)大斷(duan)面(mian)公(gong)路隧道(dao)工地進行(xing)(xing)檢查(cha)時，要對(dui)(dui)檢查(cha)結果進行(xing)(xing)嚴格全(quan)面(mian)分析(xi)，規劃施(shi)工質量預期要求(qiu)，并(bing)對(dui)(dui)檢查(cha)結果與(yu)施(shi)工管理進行(xing)(xing)相應地調整。保證(zheng)項目施(shi)工保質保量地完成，進而達到預期目標。

2 大(da)斷面公路盾構法隧道施工(gong)技術應用實(shi)施效(xiao)果

2.1 大斷面公路盾構法隧道施工實施要點

施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)應注意以下幾個要點。

（1）擴大(da)進(jin)洞口加固(gu)(gu)規模，確保加固(gu)(gu)體(ti)徹底覆蓋盾(dun)構機。

（2）注意進(jin)洞口施工(gong)位置的處理(li)，首先需要進(jin)行地(di)面加固，可(ke)選擇(ze)三軸攪拌機來完成(cheng)。

（3）若是(shi)土體(ti)部(bu)分選擇凍(dong)(dong)結法進行處(chu)理，條件允許時(shi)應(ying)當實(shi)施水平凍(dong)(dong)結，具體(ti)施工階(jie)段，必須準確(que)掌控(kong)凍(dong)(dong)結程度，避免出現(xian)過凍(dong)(dong)或者欠凍(dong)(dong)。冷(leng)凍(dong)(dong)拔管過程應(ying)當謹慎，防(fang)止管體(ti)斷裂，且需要提前明確(que)斷裂后的(de)應(ying)急方案(an)。

（4）進洞(dong)口安排降壓井，盾構(gou)機進洞(dong)，可以使(shi)附近(jin)水位在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)時間明顯減(jian)小。

（5）進洞施(shi)工期間，注意二次進洞問題，管片部署時需(xu)要在尾環顯露(lu)洞圈，同時方便(bian)月亮(liang)板外封。

（6）綜合對比、分析(xi)各項注漿施工(gong)方(fang)案，選擇最佳方(fang)案消除管片、土(tu)體兩者間的縫隙。

（7）進洞前安排正常停機的時(shi)間與有關(guan)任務。

（8）信息化控(kong)制，使地面、附近構筑物得(de)(de)到全(quan)方位監測，結合所得(de)(de)信息隨(sui)時修正推進施工(gong)參數，協(xie)調注漿作業。

2.2 大斷(duan)面(mian)公(gong)路盾構(gou)法隧道施工效果

綜合以(yi)上技術手段(duan)進(jin)(jin)行處理，該(gai)工程(cheng)(cheng)盾構期(qi)間(jian)，由砂性(xing)(xing)土(tu)層穿過(guo)建筑(zhu)時可以(yi)正(zheng)常進(jin)(jin)洞(dong)，且沒有出現(xian)漏(lou)水(shui)、漏(lou)泥等情(qing)況，附近建筑(zhu)、地表狀態符合設計(ji)標準。由于盾構面對的是砂性(xing)(xing)土(tu)質環(huan)境，穿過(guo)構筑(zhu)物進(jin)(jin)行進(jin)(jin)洞(dong)施工時，存在一定風(feng)險(xian)，所以(yi)該(gai)工程(cheng)(cheng)可作為(wei)后期(qi)相(xiang)關工程(cheng)(cheng)的經驗(yan)參考，現(xian)實意義明顯。

3 結語

綜上所述，我國必須高度重視大斷面公路的(de)隧道工(gong)(gong)程盾構法施工(gong)(gong)技術管理，一切從(cong)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)實際情(qing)況出發，不斷提升盾法施工(gong)(gong)技術的(de)應用(yong)水(shui)平，有效(xiao)促進我國實現現代化、高效(xiao)化的(de)隧道施工(gong)(gong)技術發展(zhan)。

參考文獻

[1] 黃衛.花(hua)崗巖殘積(ji)土盾構施工(gong)對(dui)周圍環境的(de)影響分析 [D].合肥：安(an)徽(hui)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)業學院，2012.

[2] 馬可栓(shuan).盾構施工引起地基移動與近鄰建(jian)筑保護研究(jiu) [D].武漢：華中科技大學(xue)，2008.

[3] 張新金.盾構法(fa)與(yu)淺埋暗挖法(fa)結(jie)合建(jian)造地鐵車站關(guan)鍵技術研究[D].北(bei)京：北(bei)京交通大學，2010.

[4] 歐(ou)孝奪(duo)，吳紅營，黃頌揚，等(deng).超大(da)斷(duan)面(mian)箱形(xing)明挖隧道(dao)施(shi)工監(jian)測(ce)與力(li)學特性分析[J].土木工程學報，2013（7）：133-140.

篇8

[關鍵詞]隧道工程；拱(gong)頂；回填壓漿(jiang)；二次襯(chen)砌

一、工程概況

（一）工程概述

麒(qi)麟(lin)(lin)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)位(wei)于溫泉南(nan)場～麒(qi)麟(lin)(lin)站區間，為(wei)工期(qi)控制性工程(cheng)(cheng)。隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)里程(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)DK7+190，出(chu)口(kou)(kou)里程(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)DK9+430，全長(chang)2240m。為(wei)保證工期(qi)在DK8+850處(chu)(chu)設有與正洞(dong)77°夾角的(de)斜井，斜井長(chang)270m，DK8+133～DK8+216設83m明(ming)洞(dong)一處(chu)(chu)。本隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)為(wei)單線(xian)(xian)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)，進(jin)口(kou)(kou)段(duan)760m線(xian)(xian)路縱坡(po)為(wei)3‰上(shang)坡(po)，其(qi)后為(wei)6‰上(shang)坡(po)。全隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)埋深(shen)(shen)均(jun)較(jiao)淺(qian)，隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)洞(dong)身(shen)最大(da)埋深(shen)(shen)約63m。全隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)進(jin)口(kou)(kou)段(duan)位(wei)于R-800m的(de)右偏(pian)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)，洞(dong)身(shen)段(duan)208.123m位(wei)于R-2000m的(de)右偏(pian)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)，出(chu)口(kou)(kou)段(duan)位(wei)于R-600m的(de)右偏(pian)曲(qu)(qu)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)外，其(qi)余位(wei)于直線(xian)(xian)上(shang)，隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)洞(dong)身(shen)依次下穿運營的(de)昆畹公(gong)路、安楚(chu)公(gong)路，并下穿新(xin)明(ming)灣(wan)水塘，然后穿越安祿公(gong)路、駕校(xiao)后出(chu)洞(dong)。

（二）地質特征

隧道穿越(yue)地層主要為(wei)第四系全新人工填土（Q4ml）、坡殘積（Q4dl+el）粉(fen)(fen)質黏(nian)土、角礫土；下伏基巖為(wei)侏羅(luo)系中統(tong)腰站組打(da)磨(mo)山段(duan)（J2y1）砂巖、粉(fen)(fen)砂質泥(ni)巖、泥(ni)巖，侏羅(luo)系下統(tong)祿豐組甸基段(duan)（J1y2）粉(fen)(fen)砂質鈣質泥(ni)巖，以(yi)Ⅴ級(ji)、Ⅴ級(ji)抗震圍(wei)巖為(wei)主。

二、回填(tian)壓(ya)漿施工技術在隧道工程拱頂施工中應(ying)用要點

（一）防水板施工

在防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前要(yao)先對(dui)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的質量(liang)(liang)、性(xing)能、材質、規格、型號等進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)全(quan)面系統(tong)的選擇，在本工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)采用了高分子(zi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，材料標準符(fu)合(he)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)對(dui)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)技(ji)術(shu)條件的需求，寬度(du)在2.5m～4m，厚度(du)為2mm，具有耐刺穿、柔性(xing)、耐久性(xing)好(hao)的要(yao)求。確認防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)材料達到施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)求后，通過專業的畫(hua)線筆，畫(hua)出拱(gong)頂中(zhong)線。在隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)二次襯砌之前就要(yao)完成防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)鋪(pu)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，并(bing)(bing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)合(he)理保(bao)護(hu)，避免(mian)發(fa)生(sheng)機械損傷，并(bing)(bing)和掌子(zi)面保(bao)持安(an)全(quan)距離。在本工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)采用環形鋪(pu)設(she)(she)(she)法，先進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)拱(gong)頂鋪(pu)設(she)(she)(she)，然后進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)邊墻鋪(pu)設(she)(she)(she)，下部防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)要(yao)壓住上部防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面積要(yao)全(quan)部抵到隧(sui)道(dao)圍巖中(zhong)。并(bing)(bing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分段鋪(pu)設(she)(she)(she)，邊緣(yuan)位置預留出約60cm的搭(da)接余量(liang)(liang)，并(bing)(bing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有效保(bao)護(hu)。附(fu)(fu)屬洞(dong)室防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)鋪(pu)設(she)(she)(she)時，要(yao)對(dui)附(fu)(fu)屬洞(dong)室進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)測量(liang)(liang)，根據測量(liang)(liang)結果，加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的邊墻防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)焊接要(yao)成一個整體。

（二）仰拱施工

仰拱施(shi)工(gong)要在二(er)次襯砌施(shi)工(gong)前全部完成，緊跟(gen)開(kai)挖工(gong)作面進行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)，如果在仰拱施(shi)工(gong)遇到不穩定圍巖(yan)時(shi)(shi)，仰拱距離開(kai)挖面控(kong)制在40m以(yi)內，仰拱和填充(chong)采用分開(kai)澆筑的方法進行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)，待混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)澆筑后強度達到5MPa時(shi)(shi)才(cai)能允許施(shi)工(gong)人員通(tong)過(guo)(guo)，混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)強度達到設計強度時(shi)(shi)，才(cai)能允許車(che)輛通(tong)過(guo)(guo)，為保(bao)證開(kai)挖效率(lv)，車(che)輛在通(tong)過(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)采用棧橋(qiao)法通(tong)過(guo)(guo)。

（三(san)）混(hun)凝土二次襯砌

1.施工測量

臺(tai)車(che)(che)就位(wei)之前，通過(guo)放樣的(de)方法確定出中心線和(he)車(che)(che)輛運(yun)輸軌道，控制臺(tai)車(che)(che)就位(wei)誤差低于10mm。此外，還要(yao)在(zai)小邊墻上給出臺(tai)車(che)(che)的(de)標高(gao)和(he)相應的(de)邊線，并做好標記，確保臺(tai)車(che)(che)運(yun)行質(zhi)量。

2.鋼筋制作安裝

由于(yu)隧道空間有限，襯砌(qi)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)需(xu)要在(zai)洞外完成(cheng)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，在(zai)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時(shi)要充分考慮鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)搭接(jie)(jie)長度和(he)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)連接(jie)(jie)時(shi)的(de)(de)錯開距離，加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完成(cheng)后由專業的(de)(de)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)人員完成(cheng)操作(zuo)。鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)制作(zuo)和(he)安(an)裝是本工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)仰(yang)拱施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)，對施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量和(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)性有至(zhi)關重(zhong)要的(de)(de)影(ying)響，需(xu)要滿足如(ru)下(xia)標準：第一(yi)，所選(xuan)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)規格、型號、機械性能等(deng)參數必須(xu)全(quan)部(bu)符(fu)合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計標準中(zhong)的(de)(de)規定(ding)，并且鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)在(zai)進(jin)(jin)入施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)前，需(xu)要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)全(quan)面系統的(de)(de)抽樣檢查，確(que)認達到實際(ji)要求(qiu)后，才(cai)能投入使(shi)用。第二(er)，發生彎曲的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)在(zai)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)調(diao)直(zhi)(zhi)處理，并清除(chu)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)表面的(de)(de)油漬(zi)、水泥漿液、氧化鐵皮等(deng)。加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完成(cheng)后，鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)表面嚴禁存在(zai)傷(shang)痕。如(ru)果(guo)采用冷拉法進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)調(diao)直(zhi)(zhi)，則(ze)一(yi)級鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)調(diao)直(zhi)(zhi)率(lv)要控(kong)制在(zai)2%以下(xia)，二(er)級鋼(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)調(diao)直(zhi)(zhi)率(lv)要低于(yu)1%。第三，焊(han)接(jie)(jie)時(shi)，焊(han)接(jie)(jie)接(jie)(jie)頭(tou)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量必須(xu)符(fu)合相應的(de)(de)規范(fan)和(he)要求(qiu)，根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)特性和(he)實際(ji)要求(qiu)，對焊(han)接(jie)(jie)試樣進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)全(quan)面檢測，確(que)認達到焊(han)接(jie)(jie)要求(qiu)后，才(cai)能進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)焊(han)接(jie)(jie)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)

3.臺車就位

通過(guo)五點(dian)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)法保證臺(tai)車(che)(che)就位(wei)(wei)的(de)精度(du)，具體(ti)(ti)做法為：以拱(gong)(gong)頂襯砌圓心為原點(dian)，建立平(ping)面坐標系，并對拱(gong)(gong)部(bu)模板在中(zhong)心進(jin)行全面控制(zhi)，通過(guo)拱(gong)(gong)部(bu)模板和墻體(ti)(ti)模板相交的(de)兩個絞接點(dian)和墻體(ti)(ti)兩側(ce)模板底腳點(dian)來全面控制(zhi)臺(tai)車(che)(che)的(de)位(wei)(wei)置。在具體(ti)(ti)施工中(zhong)，為避免混凝土澆筑過(guo)程中(zhong)發生(sheng)臺(tai)車(che)(che)上浮的(de)問題(ti)，可采用三個30t的(de)千斤頂進(jin)行支撐，避免發生(sheng)臺(tai)車(che)(che)上浮而(er)引起(qi)拱(gong)(gong)部(bu)錯臺(tai)的(de)問題(ti)。

4.混(hun)凝土拌和(he)與運輸

混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝土拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)前，需要(yao)對各項材(cai)料進(jin)行(xing)全面(mian)檢查，堅決杜絕質(zhi)量(liang)不(bu)達標的(de)材(cai)料進(jin)入施工現場，從(cong)根(gen)本上保證混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝土施工質(zhi)量(liang)。并對計量(liang)設備進(jin)行(xing)全面(mian)校驗，保證混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)料稱(cheng)量(liang)的(de)準確性(xing)(xing)，嚴格(ge)按照配合(he)比添加原材(cai)料，在(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝土拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)時，拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)時間不(bu)能低于2min，確保各項混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)料混(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)的(de)均勻性(xing)(xing)。拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)好的(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝土，要(yao)盡量(liang)在(zai)接近(jin)拌(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)(he)狀態(tai)下進(jin)行(xing)運(yun)(yun)輸。合(he)理選擇運(yun)(yun)輸路線，保證運(yun)(yun)輸道(dao)路的(de)平坦性(xing)(xing)，縮短混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝土運(yun)(yun)輸時間，避免在(zai)運(yun)(yun)輸過程中發(fa)生混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝土材(cai)料離析，坍(tan)落度下降等問題。

5.混凝土澆筑

混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土澆(jiao)筑是隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程拱頂回填(tian)壓漿施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)重點，混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土澆(jiao)筑方(fang)(fang)法對混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土襯砌質量(liang)有很大(da)的(de)影響。比如(ru)：澆(jiao)筑方(fang)(fang)法、振(zhen)搗方(fang)(fang)法、養護方(fang)(fang)法等都會影響混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土的(de)性(xing)能。因此，在(zai)具(ju)體施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中，必須對混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土各項施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環節都進行(xing)全(quan)面(mian)控制(zhi)，確保各道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)均滿足要(yao)求(qiu)，并嚴格(ge)按照設(she)計要(yao)求(qiu)和現場試驗(yan)的(de)結果(guo)進行(xing)操作。在(zai)本工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中，通過泵(beng)(beng)送(song)法進行(xing)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土澆(jiao)筑，根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)部位(wei)的(de)不同，合理控制(zhi)泵(beng)(beng)送(song)速度(du)和泵(beng)(beng)送(song)量(liang)，為混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土振(zhen)搗提供良好的(de)環節。

6.混凝土搗固

在本工(gong)程混凝(ning)土振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)時，采用了附著式振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)器聯(lian)合(he)人工(gong)插入(ru)式振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)棒振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)方法，有效保證了振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量和效果，臺車加工(gong)時，需(xu)要(yao)在起拱以(yi)下、起拱線附件等預留出合(he)理振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)窗口，通(tong)過振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)窗口進行全面、均勻、細致的(de)(de)振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)，提升振(zhen)搗(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)密實性(xing)。

篇9

關鍵詞(ci)：連拱隧道；施工；控(kong)制

中圖分類號：U455文獻(xian)標(biao)識碼： A

國家西部大開發的戰略給西部地區(qu)的交(jiao)通建設帶來(lai)了(le)機遇，在(zai)山區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)所占(zhan)比例較(jiao)大的西部地區(qu)設計修建的高等(deng)級公路大多(duo)處于山嶺重丘地段，在(zai)地形地質條件復雜的山嶺重丘地區(qu)的高等(deng)級公路中(zhong)應用連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)道具(ju)有重要的意義。連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)道具(ju)有最(zui)小限度的占(zhan)用土地，最(zui)大限度的保護自然環境，橋隧(sui)(sui)相連(lian)，線性美觀，所以在(zai)工(gong)程中(zhong)采(cai)用連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)道具(ju)有極大的經濟、社會效(xiao)益。

一、連拱隧道概述

界(jie)頭(tou)口隧道作為(wei)長(chang)韶婁(lou)高(gao)速公(gong)路(lu)(lu)全線唯一(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)條上、下合建的(de)(de)四車道高(gao)速公(gong)路(lu)(lu)連(lian)拱隧道。該(gai)隧道位于湖南省婁(lou)底(di)市橋頭(tou)河(he)鎮，隧道平面線性(xing)為(wei)圓曲線，曲線半徑(jing)R=2300m，隧道超高(gao)2%,隧道縱面處于-0.9%的(de)(de)單向下坡(po)，隧道全長(chang)298m，隧道最大埋深80m，同時由(you)于該(gai)隧道地(di)處溶蝕構造(zao)溶丘洼地(di)地(di)貌區，地(di)質情況復雜(za)，給本隧道的(de)(de)施工帶(dai)來(lai)了(le)更大的(de)(de)難度。具(ju)有以下特點(dian)：

1. 地質條件復雜(za)

連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)一般(ban)是(shi)修筑在山(shan)區地帶，為(wei)了穿越(yue)一道(dao)(dao)山(shan)體(ti)，用機(ji)械鑿洞設置(zhi)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)，較少公路的跨度。因此連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工程區內(nei)地質條件相當復(fu)雜，而且大多山(shan)體(ti)為(wei)巖石，硬度大小不同，山(shan)區氣候條件也比較惡劣。

2. 跨度大

與(yu)鐵路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)相比，單(dan)跨公(gong)路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)本身跨度就較大(da)，而連(lian)拱(gong)隧(sui)道(dao)將上下行線(xian)單(dan)拱(gong)隧(sui)道(dao)連(lian)在一起，其跨度是單(dan)拱(gong)隧(sui)道(dao)的兩倍，最大(da)開(kai)挖跨度在26.4米左右，相當于(yu)鐵路(lu)車站隧(sui)道(dao)的跨度，而且結構復雜(za)，施工非常困難。

3. 施工工序復雜、工序間相互影響大

連拱隧道的設(she)計(ji)特點決定了其(qi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)必須分多個步驟進行，各(ge)個工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)間(jian)相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)影(ying)響(xiang)又很大，這就要(yao)求連拱隧道施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)必須要(yao)有科學(xue)合理的施(shi)(shi)組設(she)計(ji)，理清(qing)各(ge)個工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)的先(xian)后順序(xu)(xu)及相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)關(guan)系，在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中盡量(liang)減(jian)小(xiao)各(ge)個工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)之間(jian)的相(xiang)互(hu)(hu)影(ying)響(xiang)，并(bing)根(gen)據施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中的實際情況靈活的調整(zheng)工(gong)(gong)序(xu)(xu)安排，保證(zheng)安全(quan)、優(you)質的建好連拱隧道。

二、連拱(gong)隧道技(ji)術(shu)要點

1.開挖施工

連拱隧道開(kai)挖施工時(shi)，影(ying)響因(yin)素有很多，例(li)如(ru)巖(yan)石結構、暴雨(yu)、水文條件等，因(yin)此(ci)為了(le)保證(zheng)工程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)，開(kai)挖施工時(shi)盡(jin)量(liang)少(shao)量(liang)多次(ci)開(kai)挖，不(bu)(bu)到(dao)(dao)關(guan)鍵(jian)時(shi)刻絕(jue)不(bu)(bu)采用爆(bao)破手(shou)段，在開(kai)挖過程(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)當注意支防護一定到(dao)(dao)位，兩端同時(shi)開(kai)挖的(de)時(shi)候，盡(jin)可(ke)能地(di)早閉合。

2. 支(zhi)護(hu)體系施工(gong)

(1)超前支護

連拱隧道多位(wei)于軟弱(ruo)、破碎、自(zi)穩時間短的圍巖中，為防(fang)止(zhi)冒頂塌方或(huo)地(di)表有害(hai)下(xia)沉，除采用中導(dao)洞(dong)、側導(dao)洞(dong)及分臺(tai)階開(kai)挖(wa)的施(shi)工方法外，還要采用先支護后開(kai)挖(wa)即超前支護的施(shi)工工藝。

(2)初期支護

連拱(gong)隧道(dao)Ⅱ類圍巖初期支護一般采用(yong)工字鋼架(jia)加噴(pen)錨網噴(pen)支護，Ⅲ類圍巖采用(yong)格柵鋼架(jia)加噴(pen)錨網噴(pen)支護，錨桿采用(yong)WTD25中空注漿錨桿。

(3)仰拱、填充及二次襯砌(qi)

連拱(gong)隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)時，其仰拱(gong)和二(er)次襯砌一般采(cai)用的(de)是鋼筋砼(tong)結構，這些結構有利于加固仰拱(gong)，提高隧(sui)道(dao)的(de)堅硬度(du)。在主洞開挖完成后應當立即進行(xing)仰拱(gong)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)，防止巖石(shi)泥(ni)土散落，對施(shi)工(gong)不利，使(shi)仰拱(gong)與初期支護(hu)形成統一整體(ti)。

3. 防排水系統施工

因地表水對連拱隧道內涌水影響較大，而公路(lu)隧道對滲漏水的(de)要(yao)求又較高，故其防(fang)(fang)排(pai)水采(cai)用以“防(fang)(fang)、排(pai)”為(wei)主，“防(fang)(fang)、排(pai)、堵、截(jie) ”相結合的(de)綜合治(zhi)理(li)措施。

4. 中、側(ce)導洞斷面(mian)的(de)選擇(ze)

中(zhong)、側導洞(dong)是為安全開挖正洞(dong)而首先開挖貫通的(de)(de)輔助導洞(dong)，其斷面的(de)(de)大小在(zai)設計上一般沒(mei)有嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)要求，但在(zai)正洞(dong)開挖施工(gong)前必須根據隧(sui)道地(di)質情(qing)況及施工(gong)機械配(pei)備情(qing)況合理的(de)(de)確定(ding)其斷面大小，以(yi)確保導洞(dong)與正洞(dong)的(de)(de)安全施工(gong)。

5. 中隔墻(qiang)水平推力的平衡

上(shang)(shang)、下行(xing)線(xian)正(zheng)(zheng)洞(dong)(dong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)中導洞(dong)(dong)及中隔(ge)(ge)墻(qiang)施(shi)(shi)工結束后開(kai)始開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)施(shi)(shi)工，但為減(jian)小開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)施(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)相互影響，上(shang)(shang)、下行(xing)線(xian)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)施(shi)(shi)工不(bu)能(neng)齊頭并進，必(bi)須一前(qian)一后錯開(kai)20到40米(mi)的(de)(de)距離，這樣在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)、下行(xing)線(xian)兩個(ge)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)面之間(jian)一側(ce)(ce)(ce)正(zheng)(zheng)洞(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)初期支(zhi)護(hu)已支(zhi)撐(cheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)了中隔(ge)(ge)墻(qiang)上(shang)(shang)，而另一側(ce)(ce)(ce)初期支(zhi)護(hu)還未施(shi)(shi)工，該段中隔(ge)(ge)墻(qiang)必(bi)然要受(shou)到一個(ge)向未開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)一側(ce)(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)水平(ping)(ping)推(tui)(tui)力(li)。因該水平(ping)(ping)推(tui)(tui)力(li)的(de)(de)位置(zhi)位于中隔(ge)(ge)墻(qiang)頂部(bu)，它對中隔(ge)(ge)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)危害很大(da)，有可(ke)能(neng)造成(cheng)中隔(ge)(ge)墻(qiang)開(kai)裂，甚至導致重(zhong)大(da)事故(gu)，為平(ping)(ping)衡這種水平(ping)(ping)推(tui)(tui)力(li)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)后開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)的(de)(de)一側(ce)(ce)(ce)要提前(qian)給中隔(ge)(ge)墻(qiang)打上(shang)(shang)臨時支(zhi)撐(cheng)，支(zhi)撐(cheng)可(ke)用方木或鋼管，縱向間(jian)距兩米(mi)設置(zhi)一排，必(bi)須支(zhi)撐(cheng)牢固，在(zai)(zai)(zai)另一側(ce)(ce)(ce)正(zheng)(zheng)洞(dong)(dong)下部(bu)開(kai)挖(wa)(wa)(wa)(wa)后再拆除。

6. 中隔(ge)墻防水(shui)措(cuo)施

為(wei)能夠更好的(de)防止中(zhong)隔墻滲漏水，連拱(gong)隧道的(de)施工(gong)順(shun)序為(wei)首先開(kai)挖(wa)中(zhong)導洞，施工(gong)中(zhong)隔墻砼，然后(hou)再(zai)開(kai)挖(wa)上(shang)下(xia)行線正洞，并(bing)施作初(chu)期支護。

7. 監控量測

監控(kong)量測(ce)是現代隧道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部(bu)分，它不僅能指導(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、預報險(xian)情、確保安全(quan)，而且還(huan)能通(tong)過現場監測(ce)獲得圍(wei)巖動態和支護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作狀態的(de)數據，為(wei)確定(ding)和修正初期支護(hu)參數、確定(ding)二次(ci)襯砌施(shi)(shi)作時(shi)間(jian)提供依(yi)據，還(huan)能為(wei)隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程設(she)計與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)積累(lei)經驗資料，為(wei)今后(hou)的(de)設(she)計和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)提供類比依(yi)據，特(te)別(bie)是對應用時(shi)間(jian)不長的(de)連拱隧道(dao)(dao)更(geng)為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)。

三、連拱隧道過程控(kong)制

連拱隧道(dao)的施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝比(bi)較(jiao)復(fu)雜(za)，技術要求也較(jiao)高，因此在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)過程中應進(jin)行質量控制、進(jin)度控制和安全控制。

1.質量控制

（1）人員質量控制

在(zai)進行建筑工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)中，人(ren)是(shi)直接(jie)參與工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)的(de)組織者(zhe)、指揮者(zhe)、操作者(zhe)。人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)技術(shu)(shu)水平是(shi)影(ying)響建筑工(gong)程的(de)最主要因，人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)控制主要體現在(zai)專業水準和技術(shu)(shu)經(jing)驗上(shang)，就是(shi)使其避(bi)免產(chan)生失誤，同時也可以充(chong)分調動人(ren)的(de)積(ji)極(ji)性。

（2）施工材(cai)料質量(liang)控制(zhi)

材(cai)料質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)是隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)的基礎，材(cai)料質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)不(bu)符合要求，住宅(zhai)工(gong)程(cheng)的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)就不(bu)可能符合標準。因此建筑材(cai)料的質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)是建筑工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)得以保(bao)證的前提。

（3）施工設備質量控制

施工(gong)(gong)設(she)備質(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)包括施工(gong)(gong)機械設(she)備、工(gong)(gong)具(ju)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表等的質(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)。要時(shi)刻檢查(cha)設(she)備運行是(shi)否良好(hao)(hao)，零(ling)件有無松(song)動，儀(yi)器儀(yi)表是(shi)否在準確(que)測量計算，工(gong)(gong)具(ju)是(shi)否完好(hao)(hao)無損。

（4）施工方法(fa)控制

施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)包括(kuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設計、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)等。不(bu)同的(de)建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)要求(qiu)有不(bu)同的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)。連拱隧道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝復雜而且要求(qiu)較(jiao)高，因此要嚴格根據(ju)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)地所在(zai)實(shi)際情況(kuang)進行勘測、測量之(zhi)后制定合理有效的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法(fa)。

（5）環境控制

連拱隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)所在(zai)地區一般(ban)人煙稀少、地形(xing)復(fu)雜、環(huan)(huan)境(jing)惡(e)劣，影響工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量的(de)因素就大大增多，如工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)地質、水文、氣象等(deng)(deng)；工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管理環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，如質量保證(zheng)體(ti)系、質量管理制(zhi)度等(deng)(deng)；勞動環(huan)(huan)境(jing)，如勞動組合、作業(ye)場(chang)所、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作而等(deng)(deng)。因此，要根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)特(te)點和具體(ti)條(tiao)件，應對影響質量的(de)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)因素，采(cai)取有效的(de)措(cuo)施(shi)嚴加控制(zhi)。尤其是對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)，防(fang)寒防(fang)暑防(fang)雨措(cuo)施(shi)等(deng)(deng)要布置(zhi)齊全(quan)，從每一個細(xi)節(jie)入手，做好現(xian)場(chang)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)控制(zhi)。

2.進度控制

施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)進行進度(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)四個：組織措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、管理(li)(li)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、經(jing)濟(ji)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)技(ji)術措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。組織措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)指(zhi)落實(shi)各(ge)層次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)進度(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)人員，具(ju)體任務和(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)作員任；建(jian)立進度(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)組織系(xi)統；按著(zhu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)結構、進展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)階(jie)段或合同結構等進行項目(mu)分解(jie)，確定其進度(du)(du)目(mu)標，建(jian)立控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)目(mu)標體系(xi)等。管理(li)(li)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)就是(shi)指(zhi)用科學和(he)(he)(he)嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)進行工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)期間的(de)(de)(de)人員管理(li)(li)、合同管理(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)安全管理(li)(li)等。經(jing)濟(ji)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指(zhi)包含(han)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)控(kong)(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)涉及工(gong)(gong)程資金需求計劃和(he)(he)(he)加(jia)快施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)激勵措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等。技(ji)術措(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)采取加(jia)快施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術方(fang)法(fa)。主要(yao)(yao)(yao)指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)對實(shi)現施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)目(mu)標有(you)利的(de)(de)(de)設計技(ji)術和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)選用。

3.安全控制

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中，應當堅持“安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)第一，預防(fang)為(wei)主(zhu)”的(de)(de)原(yuan)則，為(wei)了保證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)能(neng)夠(gou)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)進(jin)行，我國制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)了相關的(de)(de)幾項制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)：安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產責(ze)任制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產許可(ke)證制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)、政府(fu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產監督檢查(cha)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)和(he)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產教育培訓制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)。這(zhe)些制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)(du)都是(shi)為(wei)了能(neng)夠(gou)使諸如連拱隧(sui)道的(de)(de)大工(gong)(gong)程能(neng)夠(gou)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)如期的(de)(de)投產使用(yong)，發揮(hui)其社會效益(yi)和(he)經濟效益(yi)。

結語

本文從三個(ge)方面根(gen)據(ju)界(jie)頭口隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)情況，介紹(shao)了(le)有(you)(you)(you)關連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)關事項，分別是連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)特點(dian)、連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要點(dian)以及(ji)連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。總(zong)的(de)(de)來(lai)說，連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)和一般(ban)普通的(de)(de)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)和隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)都有(you)(you)(you)不同之處，連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)要比(bi)一般(ban)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)更為復雜，因(yin)為其(qi)所處的(de)(de)位置和地質(zhi)條件都比(bi)較(jiao)特殊，稍有(you)(you)(you)不慎，就(jiu)會造成垮塌(ta)和安全事故，因(yin)此在進行連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中，應當(dang)嚴(yan)格按照國家(jia)有(you)(you)(you)關法規進行施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，掌握連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)特點(dian)，根(gen)據(ju)特點(dian)制(zhi)(zhi)定相應的(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，并在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中進行質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、進度控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和安全控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，確(que)保(bao)連(lian)拱隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)能夠(gou)充分發揮(hui)其(qi)社會效(xiao)益以及(ji)經(jing)濟效(xiao)益。

參考文獻

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[2] 藺(lin)宏(hong)合. 淺(qian)談連(lian)拱隧道(dao)施工[J]. 黑龍江科技信息,2010,27:301+29.

[3] 霍羨(xian)鵬,張(zhang)麗敏(min). 淺談連拱隧道施工技術[J]. 中(zhong)國(guo)科(ke)技信息,2009,22:54+56.

[4] 李志厚,朱(zhu)合華.丁文其 公路連拱隧道(dao)設(she)計與施(shi)工關鍵技術 . 人民交通出版社(she)

作者簡介：

篇10

關鍵字：隧道工程(cheng)施(shi)工 施(shi)工監理

1.隧道施工監理中存在(zai)的(de)問題

一(yi)直以來(lai)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)監理都(dou)是(shi)(shi)十分復雜的，影響(xiang)因(yin)素也很多，當然隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)監理也不例外。從實際來(lai)講，隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)因(yin)隱蔽部位多，并且大(da)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)循(xun)環工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)，承包(bao)商往往在追(zhui)求進度、節省費用時忽略質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)。隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)監理就是(shi)(shi)要(yao)達(da)到項(xiang)目所規定的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預(yu)算等(deng)要(yao)求，使項(xiang)目達(da)到業主(zhu)預(yu)期的目標(biao)。

2.大學城隧道監理工(gong)作概況

監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)師接到中標通(tong)知后即進人現(xian)場，根據(ju)業主要(yao)求(qiu)，結(jie)合該(gai)隧道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)特點，來完善組(zu)織機構(gou)。針(zhen)對該(gai)隧道(dao)(dao)(dao)編(bian)寫(xie)了《大學(xue)城隧道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)場監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)施(shi)細則(ze)》。要(yao)求(qiu)監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人員遵照“嚴格(ge)監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，熱情服(fu)務，秉公(gong)辦事，一絲不茍”的(de)原則(ze)，認(ren)真落實(shi)執(zhi)行有關施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)各項(xiang)方(fang)針(zhen)、政策(ce)和(he)(he)法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)(gui)，同(tong)(tong)時制訂監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作計劃。并按照監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)范、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術規(gui)(gui)范和(he)(he)規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)、設(she)計要(yao)求(qiu)及合同(tong)(tong)文(wen)本(ben)(ben)(ben)，以安全、優質(zhi)、經(jing)濟、快速地完成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)為本(ben)(ben)(ben)而(er)做好(hao)“三控”（即質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、進度、投資）和(he)(he)“二管”（即合同(tong)(tong)、信(xin)息管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)）的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作；堅(jian)持原則(ze),抓(zhua)緊并攻克工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)難點和(he)(he)重點，監幫(bang)結(jie)合，做好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)變更(geng)和(he)(he)計量(liang)(liang)支(zhi)付，控制好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投資，搞好(hao)安全生(sheng)產與文(wen)明施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，建立(li)起良好(hao)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環境。2.1開(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準備(bei)階段監理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作重點

按(an)照合同(tong)文件，對(dui)承(cheng)包單(dan)位(wei)負責人、組(zu)織(zhi)機構、主要(yao)(yao)(yao)管理(li)(li)人員(yuan)和技術干部到(dao)位(wei)情況(kuang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)全面檢(jian)查(cha)，并對(dui)進(jin)(jin)(jin)場的(de)(de)施工(gong)機械設(she)(she)備(bei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)查(cha)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求盡快按(an)合同(tong)上寫(xie)明的(de)(de)時間到(dao)位(wei)。同(tong)時復核(he)(he)、審查(cha)施工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)(she)計，提出改進(jin)(jin)(jin)意見(jian)，并對(dui)影響(xiang)進(jin)(jin)(jin)洞的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵工(gong)序做補(bu)充說明。檢(jian)查(cha)承(cheng)包人的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量保證(zheng)、質(zhi)(zhi)量管理(li)(li)和安全保證(zheng)體系。檢(jian)查(cha)核(he)(he)實(shi)施工(gong)單(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)工(gong)地試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室、儀器和人員(yuan)到(dao)位(wei)情況(kuang)，督促其配備(bei)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)儀器設(she)(she)備(bei)，并對(dui)儀器設(she)(she)備(bei)安裝、調試(shi)和鑒(jian)定進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)旁站監(jian)理(li)(li)；對(dui)本工(gong)程材料(liao)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量標(biao)準和規(gui)格等進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)核(he)(he)對(dui)。并按(an)照總監(jian)辦提供的(de)(de)試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)記錄、試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)報告單(dan)格式，根據試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)規(gui)范及規(gui)程要(yao)(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)檢(jian)測(ce)項目和內(nei)容表格交付承(cheng)包人使用。

2.2加強工程質量進度管理

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量(liang)和進度監理(li)過(guo)(guo)程表(biao)(biao)(biao)現為檢查并填(tian)報(bao)各種監理(li)用表(biao)(biao)(biao)，監理(li)用表(biao)(biao)(biao)的填(tian)報(bao)過(guo)(guo)程反(fan)映(ying)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的各個工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)環(huan)節(jie)，只有各工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)環(huan)節(jie)都(dou)符合要求的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程方能(neng)計量(liang)支付和辦(ban)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程結(jie)算與竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)決算。在(zai)該隧道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)監理(li)過(guo)(guo)程中，為正確評價隧道(dao)噴射混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的質量(liang)，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中按照每10延米至少在(zai)拱腳(jiao)、邊墻采取鉆(zhan)孔取芯各一組（3）個試樣，檢查噴漿混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)強度，并利用鉆(zhan)孔檢查噴漿混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)的厚(hou)度、壁后空洞大小(xiao)、噴漿混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)與圍巖的粘結(jie)力等情況。對噴漿強度不(bu)夠、粘結(jie)力差的混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)除(chu)采取補強措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)外(wai)，還須及(ji)時調整混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)配(pei)合比，使之達(da)到要求；存在(zai)空洞根(gen)據其洞大小(xiao)采取壓(ya)水(shui)泥漿或混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)等措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)充填(tian)密(mi)實，噴漿厚(hou)度不(bu)夠及(ji)時補噴，補噴后不(bu)得出現大面(mian)積(ji)凹凸(tu)不(bu)平(ping)現象，以免形成新(xin)的應力集中。

2.3搞好計量(liang)支付，控制工(gong)程投(tou)資

由于施工(gong)對(dui)象(xiang)是低液限濕陷性黃土圍(wei)巖(yan)，具(ju)有自身的(de)特殊性及(ji)(ji)(ji)復雜性，且(qie)土質(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)(ji)(ji)含(han)水量的(de)變化難以(yi)預料而增(zeng)大了(le)監(jian)(jian)理難度(du)。監(jian)(jian)理工(gong)程(cheng)師及(ji)(ji)(ji)時對(dui)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)問(wen)題在現(xian)場與承包人共同商定處理措施或工(gong)程(cheng)變更方案。如(ru)：當隧道進(jin)(jin)出(chu)口開挖(wa)到(dao)100米左右后，從(cong)隧道、地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)形對(dui)照圖上，發現(xian)隧道已(yi)進(jin)(jin)人深埋地(di)段，且(qie)黃土土質(zhi)(zhi)變硬，含(han)水量降低，裂隙減(jian)弱，根據以(yi)上地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)情況，經(jing)上報總監(jian)(jian)辦批準(zhun)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時將Ⅰ類圍(wei)巖(yan)調(diao)整為Ⅱ類圍(wei)巖(yan)，圍(wei)巖(yan)的(de)支護(hu)參數及(ji)(ji)(ji)斷(duan)面尺寸作(zuo)相應調(diao)整。不但提(ti)高了(le)進(jin)(jin)度(du)、降低了(le)支護(hu)費用，而且(qie)達到(dao)了(le)安全(quan)施工(gong)的(de)目的(de)。

2.4搞(gao)好(hao)計量支付，控(kong)制工程(cheng)投資

工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投資(zi)(zi)控制和對合格工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)及(ji)時給予(yu)計(ji)量支(zhi)付是(shi)監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)的重要組成(cheng)部分。監理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)師(shi)根據承包人(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進展和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)量完成(cheng)情況(kuang)，及(ji)時通知承包人(ren)予(yu)以(yi)計(ji)量，有(you)變更但未辦理工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變更令的不予(yu)計(ji)量未達到合同規定(ding)最低限額(e)不予(yu)支(zhi)付，不是(shi)用于永久工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的或證明(ming)資(zi)(zi)料不齊備的材料不得支(zhi)付預(yu)付款。

2.5搞好材(cai)料試驗，合理使用原材(cai)料

材(cai)料試驗(yan)是保證(zheng)施(shi)工質量和降低工程造價的關(guan)鍵。監理人員對承包人有關(guan)施(shi)工材(cai)料進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了調查(cha)、抽查(cha) 、復(fu)檢(jian)及(ji)標(biao)準試驗(yan)。對相關(guan)的混凝土外加劑進(jin)(jin)行(xing)篩選(xuan)和對比試驗(yan)；對材(cai)料進(jin)(jin)行(xing)了規(gui)范化(hua)管理，各類材(cai)料須分門別類堆(dui)放(fang)，并(bing)有明顯標(biao)識(shi)牌(pai)；施(shi)工時嚴格按配合比上料，并(bing)按規(gui)定(ding)頻率隨機(ji)抽檢(jian)混凝土試塊強度。

2.6安全生產與文明施(shi)工(gong)

安全生產與(yu)文明施(shi)工體現了一個(ge)單位的經營(ying)素(su)質和管理(li)水平。監理(li)嚴格(ge)按“

熱情服(fu)務，監(jian)幫結合，建立良(liang)(liang)好的施(shi)工(gong)環境”的原則，監(jian)督承(cheng)包人搞好安全生產與文(wen)明施(shi)工(gong)。大學城隧道在施(shi)工(gong)初期，由于施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位進(jin)場材料多而雜，且(qie)亂堆亂放，工(gong)人不戴安全帽時有(you)發(fa)生，通過監(jian)理糾正(zheng)，使施(shi)工(gong)單(dan)位養成了(le)自覺的良(liang)(liang)好習慣(guan)。

2.7加強工程測(ce)量與隧道監控測(ce)量監理工作

自(zi)監(jian)理(li)進場后(hou)，首先抓隧(sui)道的(de)(de)(de)貫通控制測(ce)量(liang)工作；其次，督(du)促承包人進行(xing)洞(dong)外的(de)(de)(de)施工測(ce)量(liang)，并根據交接樁(zhuang)(zhuang)與(yu)相鄰標段的(de)(de)(de)控制點坐(zuo)標，按設計值(zhi)逐樁(zhuang)(zhuang)推算，計算本(ben)合同段內路線中樁(zhuang)(zhuang)及橋(qiao)涵主要(yao)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)點的(de)(de)(de)坐(zuo)標與(yu)設計值(zhi)核對無誤后(hou)，將(jiang)各(ge)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)點進行(xing)閉合計算，看閉合差是否符合規(gui)范要(yao)求(qiu)，若閉合差超出規(gui)范要(yao)求(qiu)，則須重新施測(ce)或計算，直到滿足規(gui)范要(yao)求(qiu)。

3.加強(qiang)隧(sui)道施(shi)工監理的具體措施(shi)

保(bao)(bao)(bao)證監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)成效(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)一項(xiang)基礎工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)是使(shi)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)更加規(gui)范化和制(zhi)度(du)(du)化。從組織措(cuo)施、技術措(cuo)施、經濟措(cuo)施入手，使(shi)監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)責任層次清楚，保(bao)(bao)(bao)證措(cuo)施得力。理(li)(li)(li)(li)順和施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)關系是搞(gao)好監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)需要，監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)取(qu)得的(de)(de)(de)成效(xiao)(xiao)不(bu)僅(jin)取(qu)決(jue)于監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)自身的(de)(de)(de)努力，還(huan)將受制(zhi)于來(lai)自施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)影響。正確(que)運用(yong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)確(que)認(ren)權及(ji)否決(jue)權，不(bu)僅(jin)要及(ji)時發現施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)問題(ti)(ti)，而且能及(ji)時提(ti)出可行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)案。充(chong)分(fen)肯定施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)做的(de)(de)(de)好的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面，再(zai)指出施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)，讓(rang)其樂意(yi)接受。充(chong)分(fen)尊(zun)重施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)，在(zai)提(ti)出處理(li)(li)(li)(li)問題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議方(fang)案前(qian)，先征求他們的(de)(de)(de)意(yi)見(jian)。維護施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)在(zai)履(lv)行(xing)承包合同的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)提(ti)下所取(qu)得的(de)(de)(de)合法利(li)潤。尊(zun)重人(ren)格(ge)尊(zun)嚴，就事論事，絕(jue)不(bu)針對他人(ren)。以質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)為核心，并力爭做好“三控(kong)制(zhi)”，三控(kong)制(zhi)即工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、進(jin)度(du)(du)、投資。在(zai)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)面要先抓(zhua)文件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)審(shen)查，爭取(qu)把(ba)(ba)“差、錯、漏、碰”消除(chu)在(zai)開工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之前(qian)。抓(zhua)好工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)試(shi)驗，確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)合格(ge)。嚴格(ge)控(kong)制(zhi)各項(xiang)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝”、“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序”，嚴格(ge)檢(jian)驗隱蔽工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。幫助督促施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)建(jian)立、健全有效(xiao)(xiao)地質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)體系和自檢(jian)體系，促進(jin)其正常(chang)運轉，使(shi)之確(que)保(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，達到不(bu)返(fan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)或少返(fan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。定期進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大檢(jian)查，推動工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)更上一層。定期召開監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)經驗交流會，取(qu)長補短，共同提(ti)高。在(zai)投資控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)面，嚴把(ba)(ba)驗工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計價關和變更設(she)(she)計審(shen)查關。在(zai)進(jin)度(du)(du)控(kong)制(zhi)方(fang)面采取(qu)有效(xiao)(xiao)措(cuo)施，實施動態(tai)控(kong)制(zhi)。不(bu)斷提(ti)高監(jian)(jian)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)業務水平和政(zheng)治(zhi)素質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

4.小結