導(dao)語：如何才(cai)能寫好一篇隧道工程施工特(te)點(dian)，這就需要搜集整理(li)(li)更多(duo)的(de)資料和文獻，歡迎閱讀由公(gong)務(wu)員之家(jia)整理(li)(li)的(de)十篇范文，供你(ni)借鑒。

篇1

關鍵詞：隧道；施工；特點；組織設計

一、隧道工程特點

隧(sui)道是地下(xia)建筑(zhu)(zhu)物，是山(shan)區公路和(he)鐵路重(zhong)要工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)之一，長、大隧(sui)道常(chang)常(chang)也是控(kong)制通車期限的關鍵工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)。與(yu)地面建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)比(bi)較，具有以下(xia)特點：

1. 由于隧道(dao)(dao)是地(di)(di)下建筑(zhu)物，受地(di)(di)質(zhi)和水文地(di)(di)質(zhi)條件的(de)(de)制(zhi)約，因而，施(shi)工環境差、難(nan)度大、技術復雜、要求高。隧道(dao)(dao)開挖時的(de)(de)坑(keng)道(dao)(dao)在未襯砌(qi)前，通(tong)常須加支撐以(yi)受地(di)(di)層壓力(li)。同(tong)時地(di)(di)層不得暴露過久，必須及時襯砌(qi)，以(yi)免地(di)(di)層壓力(li)增大發生坍塌事故。

2. 隧(sui)道施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)是一種多工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)、多工(gong)(gong)(gong)種聯合的地下作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)面(mian)狹窄，而(er)且地層愈(yu)差，所采用的坑(keng)道愈(yu)小，工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)面(mian)能(neng)容納的人數不多，出碴、進料運輸量多，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)干擾(rao)大，為加(jia)(jia)快施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度，需以橫洞、斜井、平行(xing)導坑(keng)增加(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)面(mian)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)復(fu)雜而(er)艱巨。因而(er)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度受到限制，必須全面(mian)規劃(hua)，科學地組織施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。

3. 隧道工程大部(bu)分地(di)處(chu)深(shen)山峻嶺之中，場(chang)地(di)狹小，要(yao)使用多種機械設備，需要(yao)相當數量(liang)的洞外(wai)設施(shi)來保證洞內施(shi)工，而(er)洞外(wai)往往受地(di)形限制，場(chang)地(di)布(bu)置比(bi)較困難。

4. 隧道內工作(zuo)條件差，空氣不足，光線不好(hao)，有時還有地下水和有害氣體，如發生坍塌(ta)、涌水、瓦斯等諸多不安(an)全(quan)因素，因此，要制(zhi)定出切實(shi)可行的安(an)全(quan)技(ji)術組織措施。

5. 由(you)于地(di)質、水文(wen)地(di)質以及圍巖壓力復雜(za)多(duo)變，施(shi)工(gong)過程中往往需要改變施(shi)工(gong)方法；隧道(dao)工(gong)程的工(gong)作(zuo)是循(xun)環(huan)(huan)性的，常(chang)常(chang)是幾(ji)個(ge)工(gong)序組成一個(ge)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)，重復各個(ge)循(xun)環(huan)(huan)，使隧道(dao)工(gong)程向(xiang)前進展。所(suo)以，也要求隧道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)必須不(bu)間斷地(di)連續(xu)進行。

因此(ci)，要保證隧(sui)道施(shi)工(gong)的(de)順利進行，必(bi)須要有(you)嚴密的(de)施(shi)工(gong)組(zu)織，并且使各工(gong)序(xu)有(you)條不紊地(di)按著循環作業的(de)順序(xu)和時間進行施(shi)工(gong)。

二、隧道工程施工組織設計要點

隧道施工(gong)組(zu)織技術，除(chu)一般(ban)要求外(wai)，主要也應(ying)妥(tuo)善解決(jue)以下幾個問題。

1. 施工條件調查研究

隧道施工技(ji)術復(fu)雜(za)。隧道一(yi)般多(duo)在山區(qu)，地(di)(di)形、交(jiao)通條件較差，而工作(zuo)人員的生活設施，主要機(ji)器設備(bei)、材料(liao)堆(dui)放都在洞(dong)外，山碴、材料(liao)也需要一(yi)定場地(di)(di)，因(yin)此，隧道所在位(wei)置(zhi)的地(di)(di)形、交(jiao)通條件應(ying)很好調(diao)(diao)查研究，合理(li)(li)安排。另外，隧道的地(di)(di)下情況(kuang)(kuang)，直接影響施工方(fang)法，施工進度和人身安全(quan)，所以對隧道經(jing)過的巖層情況(kuang)(kuang)、地(di)(di)下水、地(di)(di)下氣(qi)體情況(kuang)(kuang)也應(ying)周密調(diao)(diao)查，妥(tuo)善(shan)處(chu)理(li)(li)。

2. 施工方法選擇(ze)與施工順(shun)序(xu)安排(pai)

（1）施工(gong)方法的選擇

應(ying)(ying)以(yi)地質條(tiao)件為主要依據，結合工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)、隧道(dao)長度、斷面(mian)大小、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)速度、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的機械化程(cheng)(cheng)度和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術水(shui)平以(yi)及地形等因素綜合考慮。同時，應(ying)(ying)盡量(liang)采用新(xin)技術、新(xin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝、新(xin)設(she)備，以(yi)加快施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度，保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量(liang)，提高(gao)生產效率，改善勞動條(tiao)件。還(huan)應(ying)(ying)考慮到圍巖發生變化時，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方法的適應(ying)(ying)性和(he)變更的可能。

新(xin)奧法施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)是新(xin)近發(fa)展的(de)隧道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)新(xin)方法。它具有(you)支(zhi)護(hu)速度快(kuai)，結(jie)構受力性(xing)能好(hao)，作業空間較大，能適(shi)應隧道(dao)機械化施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)等優點，特別(bie)是在安(an)全性(xing)和經濟(ji)性(xing)方面尤(you)為突(tu)出。因此(ci)，在選擇(ze)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方法時(shi)應優先考慮(lv)。

（2）安(an)排施工(gong)順序

為了安全(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)，減少作(zuo)業之(zhi)間(jian)的干(gan)擾，保證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)質量，提高生(sheng)產(chan)效率，必須保持各作(zuo)業間(jian)的最(zui)小間(jian)距。不同(tong)的開挖方法(fa)有(you)不同(tong)的間(jian)距要(yao)求。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)順(shun)序的確定與(yu)導(dao)坑類型(xing)、斷面(mian)尺寸及各作(zuo)業間(jian)隔長度等因素有(you)關(guan)，在確定施(shi)(shi)工(gong)方法(fa)后(hou)，應(ying)繪(hui)制出施(shi)(shi)工(gong)順(shun)序圖。

3. 編制循(xun)環作(zuo)業時間表

施(shi)工順(shun)序圖作好后，就在確定(ding)每(mei)個(ge)順(shun)序一(yi)次循(xun)環(huan)的(de)(de)進度(du)。每(mei)個(ge)施(shi)工順(shun)序應采用先進的(de)(de)施(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)和(he)最佳(jia)的(de)(de)勞動組合(he)，然(ran)后按施(shi)工定(ding)額和(he)一(yi)次循(xun)環(huan)的(de)(de)進度(du)，計算出循(xun)環(huan)的(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)。每(mei)次循(xun)環(huan)的(de)(de)工作必須具體明確，以(yi)便指導工作。在這里必須指出，在編(bian)制循(xun)環(huan)作業時間(jian)(jian)表時，應盡量使每(mei)一(yi)施(shi)工順(shun)序做到(dao)：

（1）各班(ban)進度一致以求(qiu)均衡生(sheng)產，可(ke)用工班(ban)組成人數來(lai)調整；

（2）放炮時(shi)(shi)間(jian)在同(tong)一時(shi)(shi)刻，并(bing)使這(zhe)些時(shi)(shi)間(jian)和休息時(shi)(shi)間(jian)相結合，以減少工時(shi)(shi)損失。

4. 編制(zhi)施工(gong)組織進(jin)度圖(tu)

施工進度的確定應(ying)考慮的主要因素如下：

（1）計(ji)算出隧(sui)道開挖作業進度

影響隧道開挖進(jin)度的(de)因(yin)素很(hen)多，如圍巖硬度、炮眼個數(shu)、布置(zhi)、深度等(deng)都直接關系到開挖進(jin)度，而這些因(yin)素又是(shi)千變萬(wan)化的(de)，可根(gen)據施工定(ding)額或施工統計資料和有(you)關參數(shu)進(jin)行(xing)開挖進(jin)度計算。隧道開挖工期(qi)是(shi)以(yi)鉆眼、裝(zhuang)藥、爆破、通(tong)風(feng)、安(an)全處理(li)、出碴、支護等(deng)一(yi)次循環作(zuo)業時間為基礎(chu)，選定(ding)有(you)關參數(shu)進(jin)行(xing)計算確定(ding)；也可運用網(wang)絡計劃技術，分(fen)工序繪(hui)制循環作(zuo)業網(wang)絡圖(tu)分(fen)析計算。

（2）邊墻及供圈襯(chen)砌作業進度

襯(chen)(chen)砌(qi)作業(ye)的進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)受到相(xiang)應開挖作業(ye)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)的控制。通常是以開挖進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)來安排襯(chen)(chen)砌(qi)進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)的，只有鋪底(di)作業(ye)為避免影響洞內運(yun)輸(shu)，往往放在各開挖、襯(chen)(chen)砌(qi)項目(mu)完(wan)成后進(jin)(jin)行。襯(chen)(chen)砌(qi)作業(ye)施工進(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)也可根據施工定額或有關指(zhi)標計算(suan)。

此外，洞門工(gong)程可根據地質情況及工(gong)程數(shu)量來確定(ding)工(gong)期，地質不良的洞門應盡早盡快(kuai)完(wan)成，以保證安全。若為(wei)混凝土(tu)襯砌，水溝及壓漿(jiang)工(gong)作可在邊墻及拱(gong)圈完(wan)工(gong)后7～14天完(wan)成；若為(wei)砌石圬工(gong)時，可在邊墻及拱(gong)圈完(wan)工(gong)后3～4天完(wan)成。

篇2

關鍵詞：隧道工程施工；影響(xiang)因素；監理(li)；控制要點(dian)

我國的(de)交通事業在近年(nian)來快速發展(zhan)起來，公路(lu)建(jian)設不僅(jin)關乎(hu)到民(min)(min)生(sheng)，還是推動國民(min)(min)經(jing)濟(ji)增長(chang)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)支柱。為(wei)(wei)了促(cu)進區域經(jing)濟(ji)發展(zhan)，很多地區克服了地理環(huan)境(jing)限制建(jian)設公路(lu)，隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)是其(qi)中的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環(huan)節(jie)。隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)往往處(chu)于地理環(huan)境(jing)非常復雜的(de)區域，包括地質條件(jian)(jian)和地形等等，都不具備(bei)公路(lu)建(jian)設的(de)條件(jian)(jian)，就會采用隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術。隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)作為(wei)(wei)大規模的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，不僅(jin)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術多而且(qie)復雜，對(dui)專業技(ji)術也具有(you)很高要(yao)(yao)求，特別是隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)環(huan)境(jing)中存在諸(zhu)多的(de)影響因素(su)，就必然會使得隧(sui)(sui)道修建(jian)中產(chan)生(sheng)各種質量問題。為(wei)(wei)了保證(zheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量，根據(ju)隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)際需要(yao)(yao)將監管措施制定出來是非常必要(yao)(yao)的(de)。

1隧道工程施工所具(ju)備的特點

1.1隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)具有隱(yin)(yin)蔽性(xing)。隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)屬于是隱(yin)(yin)蔽性(xing)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)，隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)必然帶有隱(yin)(yin)蔽性(xing)的(de)特點。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)中，往(wang)往(wang)可視面只(zhi)有一個，其他的(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)都是隱(yin)(yin)蔽性(xing)的(de)，這(zhe)就必然會存在很多難(nan)以預見的(de)狀況。即便工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)中留下(xia)隱(yin)(yin)患，也(ye)(ye)難(nan)以及時(shi)發現，也(ye)(ye)無法做出判(pan)斷。

1.2隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)具有動(dong)態性(xing)。隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程所在環境(jing)往往地址環境(jing)復雜而多(duo)變(bian)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中，這種(zhong)(zhong)變(bian)化必(bi)然會(hui)產生(sheng)各種(zhong)(zhong)偶然因素(su)，導致施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)計(ji)與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)不相符合。這就說明，對隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程進行設(she)(she)計(ji)，不僅要(yao)進行施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)勘察，還要(yao)對當地的圍巖狀況充(chong)分了(le)解，以(yi)(yi)使得隧(sui)道(dao)設(she)(she)計(ji)具有動(dong)態性(xing)，以(yi)(yi)便于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現場(chang)條件(jian)產生(sheng)變(bian)化時(shi)便于對初始設(she)(she)計(ji)進行修改(gai)。

1.3隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)具有(you)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)性(xing)。隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所在(zai)區(qu)域(yu)往往環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境條(tiao)件(jian)惡劣，多(duo)數(shu)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都是在(zai)山洞(dong)中(zhong)或者(zhe)在(zai)地下展開的(de)。即便是在(zai)同(tong)(tong)一個(ge)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境空間中(zhong)展開作(zuo)業，也會(hui)對(dui)(dui)各個(ge)作(zuo)業環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)的(de)技(ji)術要(yao)求有(you)所不同(tong)(tong)，包括(kuo)掘進技(ji)術、支(zhi)護技(ji)術以及通風(feng)(feng)(feng)技(ji)術等(deng)等(deng)，都要(yao)根據施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)實際需要(yao)進行(xing)選擇，保證各個(ge)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)節(jie)之(zhi)間密切相(xiang)連，這就必(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)會(hui)使施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境局促，而且不同(tong)(tong)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術之(zhi)間相(xiang)互干擾，其中(zhong)必(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)會(hui)存在(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)因(yin)素[1]。另外，隧(sui)(sui)道施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，惡劣的(de)環(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)境條(tiao)件(jian)對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員會(hui)產(chan)生不良的(de)心(xin)理影響，還(huan)會(hui)造(zao)成生理問題(ti)。特別是隧(sui)(sui)道施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)所在(zai)區(qu)域(yu)的(de)地質條(tiao)件(jian)多(duo)變，缺乏穩定性(xing)就必(bi)(bi)然(ran)(ran)會(hui)存在(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)，使得隧(sui)(sui)道施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)隨時都有(you)危險(xian)(xian)事故產(chan)生。

2隧道工(gong)程施工(gong)中所存在的影(ying)響因素

2.1影響隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)為因(yin)素。隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，人(ren)(ren)是最為活躍的(de)(de)因(yin)素，也是缺乏穩定性的(de)(de)因(yin)素。要對(dui)(dui)隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)以有(you)效控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，就要對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)各個環節所(suo)存(cun)在的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)隱患予以詳細分(fen)析，將具有(you)針對(dui)(dui)性的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)定出來，用于(yu)(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)發揮管理作(zuo)用。參(can)與施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)活動的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)人(ren)(ren)員要對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎性工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)予以控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，基(ji)于(yu)(yu)此分(fen)析各種干預形式。由于(yu)(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會存(cun)在見利忘義的(de)(de)現象(xiang)，即施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員從個人(ren)(ren)利益出發而忽(hu)視了工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)所(suo)應履行(xing)的(de)(de)責任，就會存(cun)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管理程(cheng)(cheng)序調(diao)整的(de)(de)問題，這必然會影響隧道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量。

2.2影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)硬性因(yin)(yin)素。影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)硬性因(yin)(yin)素包括材(cai)料(liao)因(yin)(yin)素和設(she)備因(yin)(yin)素，貫穿整(zheng)個的(de)(de)(de)隧道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)。隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)衡量(liang)標準就是(shi)材(cai)料(liao)。要(yao)(yao)確保(bao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)料(liao)符合(he)相關規(gui)定，就要(yao)(yao)對影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)材(cai)料(liao)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)各種因(yin)(yin)素進行考慮[2]。這些(xie)因(yin)(yin)素往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)導致(zhi)材(cai)料(liao)問題的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)因(yin)(yin)素，也是(shi)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)基本因(yin)(yin)素。隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備是(shi)不(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)(de)，也是(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全管理中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)(yao)對象。要(yao)(yao)對施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)備進行控制(zhi)管理，就需(xu)要(yao)(yao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員重(zhong)視設(she)備檢查工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作[3]。但是(shi)，由于施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員忽視了設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)日常保(bao)養工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，就必(bi)然(ran)會對隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)造成負面(mian)影(ying)(ying)(ying)響(xiang)。

2.3影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)隧道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)控(kong)制(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)。隧道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，采取科(ke)學合理地技(ji)術(shu)(shu)控(kong)制(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)是保(bao)證施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量的(de)關鍵。但是，進入到具體(ti)(ti)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)中(zhong)，就會受到多種(zhong)因(yin)素的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)，導致技(ji)術(shu)(shu)控(kong)制(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)難以發揮(hui)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)，通常會體(ti)(ti)現在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序改變或者對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)序作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)調整，這就必然會對后續的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)造成不良影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)。要在(zai)隧道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)做好技(ji)術(shu)(shu)控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)，就要對各種(zhong)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)因(yin)素進行分析，提出(chu)科(ke)學有效(xiao)的(de)干(gan)預措(cuo)施(shi)，以使得技(ji)術(shu)(shu)控(kong)制(zhi)發揮(hui)時效(xiao)性(xing)。

3隧道工程施工的監理控制要點

3.1隧(sui)道工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)中(zhong)開挖(wa)現場(chang)的監(jian)理控制。隧(sui)道工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)對(dui)開挖(wa)現場(chang)會(hui)存在(zai)超(chao)挖(wa)和欠(qian)(qian)挖(wa)的問(wen)題，監(jian)理人(ren)員(yuan)進(jin)行開挖(wa)質量檢查要按照有關技術規(gui)(gui)(gui)范中(zhong)所規(gui)(gui)(gui)定的內(nei)容進(jin)行。對(dui)于欠(qian)(qian)挖(wa)現象(xiang)，如果巖層完整，襯砌的強(qiang)度以及(ji)結構(gou)都不(bu)會(hui)擾，當巖石(shi)抗壓強(qiang)度超(chao)過(guo)30兆帕，個(ge)別(bie)地方的欠(qian)(qian)挖(wa)幅(fu)度要界定在(zai)0.1平(ping)方米以內(nei)，隆起量不(bu)超(chao)過(guo)5米。包括(kuo)隧(sui)道的拱(gong)頂(ding)低(di)于1米的位(wei)置以及(ji)墻(qiang)角都不(bu)可以欠(qian)(qian)挖(wa)，以避免因此(ci)產(chan)生危險事故。對(dui)于超(chao)挖(wa)現象(xiang)，在(zai)隧(sui)道工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)技術規(gui)(gui)(gui)范中(zhong)已經明(ming)確規(gui)(gui)(gui)定。由(you)于圍巖地質環不(bu)同，對(dui)超(chao)挖(wa)也(ye)會(hui)有所不(bu)同要求。

3.2隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)錨噴支護的監理控制(zhi)。隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，錨噴支護是不容忽視(shi)的。監理人員驗(yan)收隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，要(yao)根據隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的實際情況(kuang)制(zhi)定驗(yan)收方(fang)式，并(bing)提(ti)前通知施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)[4]。對于隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的每一個施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)環(huan)節都要(yao)進行驗(yan)收，驗(yan)收合格后才(cai)可以開(kai)展后續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作。在(zai)驗(yan)收錨桿施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量中(zhong)，要(yao)注(zhu)重(zhong)檢(jian)查鎖角錨桿。在(zai)驗(yan)收注(zhu)漿(jiang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，監理人員要(yao)高度(du)重(zhong)視(shi)這道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序，因(yin)為(wei)這道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序不僅(jin)技術難(nan)度(du)大，而且對注(zhu)漿(jiang)的程(cheng)(cheng)序也有嚴格要(yao)求。

3.3隧道(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)噴射(she)混(hun)凝土的(de)監理(li)控制。隧道(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)噴射(she)混(hun)凝土的(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)如(ru)果出(chu)現(xian)疏漏，不(bu)(bu)僅會(hui)產生裂縫(feng)，甚至會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)滲水現(xian)象(xiang)，對(dui)(dui)施(shi)工(gong)造成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)良影(ying)響。監理(li)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)噴射(she)混(hun)凝土施(shi)工(gong)嚴格把(ba)關，要(yao)求施(shi)工(gong)人員(yuan)采用先(xian)進(jin)的(de)技術措施(shi)，以(yi)使隧道(dao)工(gong)程質量有所保證[5]。

3.4隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)仰(yang)拱(gong)的(de)(de)監理(li)控制。隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，仰(yang)拱(gong)是重要的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)部位(wei)(wei)，關乎(hu)到整個隧道(dao)的(de)(de)穩定(ding)。如果(guo)仰(yang)拱(gong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)存在(zai)質量問(wen)題(ti)，就(jiu)會影響到上部結構的(de)(de)穩定(ding)性，特別是墻角與仰(yang)拱(gong)之間的(de)(de)交接部位(wei)(wei)，需(xu)要做好清(qing)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作后進入(ru)到施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環節(jie)，以避免由于該部位(wei)(wei)存在(zai)雜質使得仰(yang)拱(gong)不牢固而產生(sheng)不均勻沉(chen)降。

結束語

綜(zong)上所(suo)述(shu)，隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中對(dui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術(shu)有(you)很高的要(yao)求，主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)由于隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)屬于是(shi)隱(yin)性工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，存在(zai)質(zhi)量隱(yin)患(huan)很難(nan)發現(xian)。這就(jiu)需要(yao)對(dui)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中可(ke)能存在(zai)的影響因素進(jin)行(xing)分析，針(zhen)對(dui)技術(shu)方法進(jin)行(xing)探索，并(bing)采取符合施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)實際的監督(du)管理控制措施(shi)(shi)，以避免(mian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中產(chan)生質(zhi)量問題，確(que)保隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)順利展開。

參考文獻

[1]丁維揚.淺(qian)談高速公路隧道工程施工管理的注意事項(xiang)[J].黑龍江交通科技，2015（1）：107.

[2]高尚勇.隧道工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)中常見質(zhi)量問題及現場(chang)監管措施(shi)[J].山西建筑，2013，39（3）：47.

[3]陳建平.隧道工程施工監理工作(zuo)要點分析[J].交通建設(she)與管理，2014(6):21-22.

[4]張景珍.淺(qian)談地鐵隧道(dao)工(gong)程施工(gong)管理[J].建筑工(gong)程技術與設計，2015（10）：189.

篇3

1隧道工程滲漏水問題(ti)產生的原因

針(zhen)對(dui)當前(qian)我國的(de)隧道工(gong)程(cheng)項目進(jin)行分析可(ke)以發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，無論是設計中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)問(wen)題還是施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)事故都會(hui)很容易(yi)造成(cheng)滲漏(lou)(lou)水(shui)(shui)問(wen)題的(de)出現(xian)(xian)，尤(you)其是對(dui)于(yu)一些(xie)隧道施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場施(shi)工(gong)環(huan)境比較惡劣的(de)一些(xie)工(gong)程(cheng)來說，其出現(xian)(xian)滲漏(lou)(lou)水(shui)(shui)問(wen)題的(de)原因(yin)更(geng)是多方面的(de)，常見的(de)滲漏(lou)(lou)水(shui)(shui)問(wen)題產生的(de)原因(yin)主要有以下幾(ji)點：

首(shou)先，當前的(de)(de)(de)隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)大部分都是(shi)采用混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)材料進(jin)行施(shi)工(gong)建(jian)設，而(er)對于混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)建(jian)設而(er)言(yan)，其(qi)存在很多(duo)(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)會(hui)導致滲(shen)漏水(shui)(shui)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)，尤其(qi)是(shi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)裂(lie)縫問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)更是(shi)隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)中滲(shen)漏水(shui)(shui)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)基本的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)因素(su)，而(er)在混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中，出現(xian)(xian)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)裂(lie)縫問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象是(shi)比較(jiao)(jiao)常見的(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)形成因素(su)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣的(de)(de)(de)，比如混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)本身(shen)材料存在問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)到混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)密實度(du)，進(jin)而(er)可能產(chan)生(sheng)裂(lie)縫，即使不(bu)(bu)會(hui)出現(xian)(xian)裂(lie)縫也(ye)(ye)會(hui)因為其(qi)密實度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)低而(er)導致滲(shen)漏問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)，當然，對于混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)澆筑過程(cheng)中因為操作(zuo)不(bu)(bu)當所出現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)一些溫度(du)應力等問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)也(ye)(ye)是(shi)形成隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)滲(shen)漏水(shui)(shui)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)重要原因。

其次，對于隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)程的(de)拱墻施工(gong)而言是(shi)極為關鍵的(de)，其不(bu)僅僅能(neng)夠(gou)在一(yi)定程度上(shang)保障隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)程的(de)安全，還能(neng)夠(gou)有效促進隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)程的(de)防滲(shen)漏能(neng)力，相(xiang)反(fan)，一(yi)旦其施工(gong)出(chu)現(xian)問題也會很(hen)容易造成(cheng)滲(shen)漏水問題的(de)出(chu)現(xian)，尤其是(shi)在一(yi)些(xie)連接位置更(geng)是(shi)滲(shen)漏水問題出(chu)現(xian)的(de)關鍵點。

再次，在(zai)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)過程中所預(yu)留的(de)(de)一(yi)些孔洞也是(shi)導致滲漏(lou)水(shui)問(wen)題(ti)出(chu)現的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)因素，一(yi)般(ban)而(er)(er)言，針對(dui)這(zhe)些孔洞都(dou)(dou)是(shi)需要進行恰當的(de)(de)處理(li)(li)以預(yu)防滲漏(lou)水(shui)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)出(chu)現，而(er)(er)當前很多的(de)(de)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程中都(dou)(dou)會出(chu)現處理(li)(li)不(bu)當或者是(shi)忘記處理(li)(li)的(de)(de)現象，進而(er)(er)形成滲漏(lou)水(shui)問(wen)題(ti)出(chu)現的(de)(de)重要隱患。

最后，一(yi)些不良的(de)外(wai)界(jie)環(huan)境因素也是影響隧道工程(cheng)滲漏水(shui)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)出(chu)現的(de)關(guan)鍵點，尤其(qi)是隧道工程(cheng)周圍的(de)地(di)質(zhi)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)以(yi)及施工過程(cheng)中所遭遇的(de)一(yi)些雷(lei)雨等(deng)(deng)特(te)殊天氣等(deng)(deng)都會造(zao)成(cheng)滲漏水(shui)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)出(chu)現，當然，地(di)震也是該問(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)一(yi)個重要影響因素。

2隧道工(gong)程(cheng)滲漏水問題的防治措施

2.1加強(qiang)勘(kan)察(cha)測(ce)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)強(qiang)度因為(wei)隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)復雜性和特(te)(te)殊性，前期的(de)勘(kan)察(cha)測(ce)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)是(shi)(shi)極(ji)為(wei)重要的(de)，尤其是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)滲漏水問(wen)題(ti)的(de)防治來(lai)說，這種勘(kan)察(cha)測(ce)量(liang)的(de)結(jie)果(guo)能(neng)夠提供最為(wei)有效(xiao)的(de)依(yi)據，保(bao)障滲漏水問(wen)題(ti)防治的(de)效(xiao)果(guo)，具體來(lai)說，這種勘(kan)察(cha)測(ce)量(liang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)應(ying)該(gai)包括以下幾方面(mian)的(de)內容(rong)：首(shou)先，對(dui)(dui)于(yu)隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程周圍的(de)土(tu)壤地(di)(di)質(zhi)進行勘(kan)察(cha)是(shi)(shi)必不可少的(de)，除了能(neng)夠切(qie)實(shi)保(bao)障隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和安全之外，還能(neng)夠避(bi)免一些(xie)因為(wei)地(di)(di)質(zhi)問(wen)題(ti)造成的(de)滲漏水病害，針對(dui)(dui)勘(kan)察(cha)結(jie)果(guo)中(zhong)的(de)一些(xie)不良(liang)地(di)(di)質(zhi)，如破碎帶地(di)(di)質(zhi)、溶(rong)洞、巖爆區以及暗河(he)等(deng)特(te)(te)殊狀況(kuang)在后期的(de)設(she)計施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)加強(qiang)控(kong)制就(jiu)會(hui)起到較強(qiang)的(de)滲漏水預防作(zuo)用(yong)；其次，水文問(wen)題(ti)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)需要勘(kan)察(cha)測(ce)量(liang)的(de)一個重點，尤其是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)于(yu)地(di)(di)下水狀況(kuang)必須(xu)加強(qiang)勘(kan)測(ce)；最后，還應(ying)該(gai)針對(dui)(dui)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)可能(neng)會(hui)遇到的(de)一些(xie)特(te)(te)殊氣候問(wen)題(ti)進行預測(ce)，必須(xu)加深對(dui)(dui)于(yu)隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程所在地(di)(di)氣候條件(jian)的(de)分析和了解(jie)。

2.2提高隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)水平對(dui)(dui)于(yu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)環節來說(shuo)，為了更好地保障防(fang)滲漏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果，應該(gai)全面(mian)加(jia)強設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)效性，提高設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平，在設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)過(guo)程中應該(gai)重點注意以下幾點：首先，加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)于(yu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)結構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，尤其(qi)是對(dui)(dui)于(yu)施工縫的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)必須進(jin)行慎重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)思考，確保設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合理性；其(qi)次，加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)于(yu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)襯砌設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)水平，尤其(qi)是對(dui)(dui)于(yu)其(qi)中所需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配筋和受(shou)力狀況進(jin)行嚴格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)把(ba)關；最(zui)后，加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)于(yu)混凝(ning)土施工的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，重點加(jia)強其(qi)收縮(suo)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，避免(mian)出現(xian)收縮(suo)以及沉降等問題(ti)而造成滲漏水問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)。

2.3加強對于隧道工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)質(zhi)量的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)因為很多滲(shen)(shen)漏問題都是(shi)因為施工(gong)質(zhi)量問題導致的，因此，在具體(ti)的施工(gong)過程(cheng)中應(ying)(ying)該(gai)加強對于施工(gong)質(zhi)量的控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)管(guan)理，具體(ti)來說(shuo)，首先，應(ying)(ying)該(gai)針對混凝(ning)土的施工(gong)進行嚴(yan)格控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)把關，重點加強混凝(ning)土的施工(gong)質(zhi)量控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)；另外，還應(ying)(ying)該(gai)做好相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的防滲(shen)(shen)漏施工(gong)技術的實施，確(que)保防滲(shen)(shen)漏的效果。

2.4加強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)于隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)監理監理工(gong)作(zuo)對(dui)于隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)質量的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障作(zuo)用是不容忽視的(de)(de)(de)，而(er)這種質量的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障作(zuo)用也就能夠有效地預(yu)防滲漏水問題的(de)(de)(de)出現，對(dui)于監理工(gong)作(zuo)而(er)言(yan)，其(qi)最(zui)為主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)就是要(yao)加強(qiang)(qiang)對(dui)于設(she)計以及施(shi)工(gong)標準化和規范化的(de)(de)(de)研究，切實(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)質量。

2.5加強(qiang)對(dui)于(yu)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)水(shui)(shui)問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)治理對(dui)于(yu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)水(shui)(shui)問題而(er)言，其(qi)最為主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)雖然是(shi)(shi)預(yu)防工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，但是(shi)(shi)對(dui)于(yu)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)水(shui)(shui)事(shi)故的(de)(de)(de)(de)治理也(ye)是(shi)(shi)不可或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)，也(ye)是(shi)(shi)降低隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)水(shui)(shui)問題不良影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要舉措(cuo)(cuo)，具體(ti)而(er)言，針對(dui)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)水(shui)(shui)問題主要采取的(de)(de)(de)(de)治理措(cuo)(cuo)施有(you)截、堵(du)、排(pai)等，其(qi)中排(pai)是(shi)(shi)最為核心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容，因為只有(you)把隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)出，才能夠避免其(qi)產生更(geng)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)危害，一旦(dan)滲(shen)(shen)漏(lou)水(shui)(shui)在(zai)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)內大量(liang)堆積的(de)(de)(de)(de)話就會造成極為嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)后果，影(ying)響隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)質量(liang)以及安全(quan)。

3結語

篇4

【關鍵詞】公路隧道(dao)；質量；管(guan)理

前言

改革開放以來，我國經濟的(de)快速(su)發展帶(dai)動(dong)了交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)行業的(de)進(jin)步，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)的(de)發展又(you)更進(jin)一步促進(jin)經濟的(de)增長(chang)。在(zai)此(ci)過程中，作為交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)基(ji)(ji)礎設施重(zhong)要(yao)組成部分的(de)各種(zhong)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)也(ye)迅速(su)發展。隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)愈建愈多，長(chang)度越(yue)來越(yue)長(chang)，跨(kua)度也(ye)越(yue)來越(yue)大(da)，隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)建設條件和結構形式越(yue)來越(yue)復雜。公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理作為一個重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)課題擺在(zai)我們廣大(da)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)基(ji)(ji)礎建設者的(de)面前。本文通(tong)(tong)過對(dui)公路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施工(gong)常見質(zhi)量(liang)問題的(de)和產(chan)生原因(yin)的(de)分析，總結其質(zhi)量(liang)管(guan)理的(de)重(zhong)點難點所在(zai)，進(jin)而探究提(ti)高(gao)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程施工(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)。

一.公路隧道工程(cheng)施工特點和難點分析(xi)

公路隧道是一(yi)種特殊(shu)的工程結構物(wu)， 具有以(yi)下特點(dian)和難點(dian)：

第(di)一，公路隧道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)是在原有(you)結(jie)構中(zhong)進行(xing)開挖，荷載在施(shi)工(gong)前就已經存在，對于(yu)隧道(dao)結(jie)構需要多大的承載力不能準確判定(ding)，因此公路隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)時所采取(qu)的支護(hu)結(jie)構的剛度、支護(hu)時間(jian)的長短、施(shi)工(gong)方法等都會(hui)影(ying)響工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)質量。

第二，公路隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)絕大(da)多數都是隱密工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)， 只有一個可(ke)視面， 工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質量難以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)表(biao)面觀(guan)察進行評價， 工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)隱患難以(yi)(yi)發(fa)(fa)現(xian)， 表(biao)面顯示(shi)出(chu)來(lai)的問題(ti)， 難以(yi)(yi)判斷問題(ti)的實質。這樣(yang)就很難對工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)質量做出(chu)直觀(guan)的鑒定和評價，即便(bian)施(shi)工(gong)期間發(fa)(fa)現(xian)存在質量問題(ti)，僅(jin)通過(guo)外觀(guan)的現(xian)象很難對出(chu)現(xian)問題(ti)的遠原因(yin)做出(chu)正確的判斷。

第三，公路隧道工程設計時以工程類比為主(zhu)， 計算為輔(fu)， 不(bu)可預見的因素多，加之(zhi)設計期間又采取動態設計，這給隧道工程設計帶(dai)來一(yi)定的難度(du)。

此外(wai)，公(gong)路隧道(dao)工程施工環(huan)境惡劣， 能見度差(cha)、空氣差(cha)、噪音大，影響工人的工作情緒和技能發揮，加之(zhi)施工工人技術水平普遍偏低，工期長(chang)。如果施工過程中的質量管理不到(dao)位，會導致工程產生(sheng)質量問題(ti)。

二. 隧道工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)常見(jian)質量問題以及產(chan)生原因

隧道工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)，“安全第一，質(zhi)量至(zhi)上(shang)”。然而(er)由于我國(guo)公(gong)路隧道建(jian)設(she)起步較晚，在工(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量管理方面經驗少，力量薄弱。目前，國(guo)內己建(jian)和在建(jian)的部(bu)分公(gong)路隧道都不同程(cheng)度地出現了質(zhi)量問題(ti)，有(you)些甚至(zhi)出現了嚴重質(zhi)量問題(ti)，導(dao)致隧道無法正(zheng)常使用以致報廢(fei)。常見的公(gong)路隧道質(zhi)量問題(ti)有(you)：

2.1. 隧道滲漏水(shui)

公路隧道工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)環境的(de)(de)(de)復雜性，導致不可避(bi)免(mian)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)遇到一些質量(liang)問題，其(qi)中最為(wei)(wei)常見的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)問題為(wei)(wei)隧道滲漏(lou)水(shui)。其(qi)造成的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害(hai)也尤為(wei)(wei)普遍(bian)。據了解，目前國內公路隧道工(gong)(gong)程完全無滲漏(lou)者寥寥無幾，絕大多(duo)數都存(cun)在著不同程度的(de)(de)(de)滲漏(lou)問題。

隧(sui)(sui)道滲漏水(shui)不僅(jin)增加隧(sui)(sui)道內空氣濕度(du)，降低路面抗滑(hua)性能，而(er)且容易造成(cheng)電路短路等事故，危(wei)及運營安全。此外(wai)，隧(sui)(sui)道滲漏水(shui)還可引(yin)起其他危(wei)害，例如由于隧(sui)(sui)道滲漏水(shui)、積(ji)水(shui)，將(jiang)會造成(cheng)襯砌開(kai)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)或使原(yuan)有(you)(you)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)縫發展(zhan)變(bian)大，加重襯砌裂(lie)(lie)(lie)損。當地(di)下水(shui)有(you)(you)侵(qin)(qin)蝕(shi)性時，會使襯砌混凝土(tu)產(chan)生侵(qin)(qin)蝕(shi)，并(bing)隨著滲漏水(shui)的不斷發展(zhan)，使混凝土(tu)侵(qin)(qin)蝕(shi)日益嚴重。在北方寒冷(leng)地(di)區，水(shui)是影(ying)響隧(sui)(sui)道圍巖洞脹的重要因素。一(yi)到(dao)冬天，水(shui)一(yi)結冰(bing)膨脹后必(bi)將(jiang)撐開(kai)原(yuan)有(you)(you)裂(lie)(lie)(lie)縫導致水(shui)害轉變(bian)為凍(dong)害。

2.3. 通風照(zhao)明不良(liang)

不管是(shi)自然通(tong)風(feng)還是(shi)人工通(tong)風(feng)，所有的(de)公(gong)路隧(sui)道施(shi)工均需要通(tong)風(feng)。公(gong)路隧(sui)道通(tong)風(feng)所關心的(de)主要問(wen)題(ti)在于控制隧(sui)道正常運營(ying)期間(jian)的(de)污染物含量水平(ping)和火(huo)災情況下的(de)煙霧(wu)含量與氣(qi)體溫度。事(shi)實上，當前國內(nei)相(xiang)當數量的(de)公(gong)路隧(sui)道尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)中長隧(sui)道，由于經濟的(de)原因，通(tong)風(feng)設(she)施(shi)一般不開啟.造成洞內(nei)運營(ying)環(huan)境污濁。一旦(dan)發(fa)生火(huo)災，許多通(tong)風(feng)達不到標準(zhun)的(de)工程必將(jiang)導致災難性(xing)事(shi)故的(de)發(fa)生。從火(huo)災通(tong)風(feng)這(zhe)個角度上說，國內(nei)的(de)相(xiang)關工作還比較滯后。

我國(guo)公路(lu)隧道設計規(gui)范雖然規(gui)定長度大(da)(da)于lOOm的(de)(de)公路(lu)隧道應該設置(zhi)照明，但(dan)迫于運營維護成本的(de)(de)壓力，許多(duo)隧道有燈具(ju)而未照明，而且這(zhe)種現(xian)象相當普遍(bian)，甚至某些長度不短的(de)(de)公路(lu)隧道根本就沒有安裝照明燈具(ju)。這(zhe)樣就使得隧道的(de)(de)運營水平大(da)(da)大(da)(da)降低(di)。但(dan)同時也(ye)引入了極大(da)(da)的(de)(de)安全隱患。

此外，還有界限受(shou)浸、襯砌缺陷等質量問題(ti)。

2.4. 公(gong)路隧道質量問題產生的原(yuan)因

公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)出(chu)現各種(zhong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)問題(ti)或(huo)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)缺陷(xian)與(yu)諸(zhu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)因(yin)素有(you)關，這些質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)產生一(yi)方面與(yu)當前我國公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)甚至整(zheng)個公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)交通行業建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)周(zhou)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)短、工(gong)(gong)期(qi)緊有(you)關。另一(yi)方面，這些問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)產生也與(yu)我國公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)總(zong)體(ti)發展水平不(bu)(bu)無關系(xi)(xi)。當前我國《公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)規(gui)范(fan)》、《公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)設(she)(she)計規(gui)范(fan)》都是(shi)90年代初(chu)實施(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)，亟待更新。《公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)檢驗評定標準》雖然相對(dui)較(jiao)新，但(dan)其中(zhong)對(dui)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定僅有(you)少(shao)量(liang)篇(pian)幅，對(dui)各項(xiang)次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定也不(bu)(bu)盡(jin)具體(ti)，和(he)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)要求有(you)其自身(shen)詳(xiang)盡(jin)的(de)(de)(de)檢驗評定標準相差甚遠。導致在(zai)具體(ti)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)中(zhong)，主和(he)監理部門不(bu)(bu)僅無法可循，而(er)且沒(mei)有(you)方法可用(yong)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)又(you)由于自身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)利益和(he)水平限制(zhi)，在(zai)很大的(de)(de)(de)隨意性。國內雖然也有(you)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)科研和(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位(wei)進(jin)行這方面的(de)(de)(de)研究，但(dan)都比較(jiao)零散(san)，沒(mei)有(you)形成一(yi)個系(xi)(xi)統地檢測評價(jia)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)，這和(he)目前公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)發展速度以(yi)(yi)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)要求極不(bu)(bu)適宜。此外，在(zai)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，涉及(ji)環(huan)節眾多(duo)(duo)(duo)、所用(yong)材料(liao)種(zhong)類眾多(duo)(duo)(duo)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo)、參(can)與(yu)的(de)(de)(de)企業人員更多(duo)(duo)(duo)。可以(yi)(yi)說，在(zai)這環(huan)環(huan)相扣、密切(qie)相關的(de)(de)(de)各環(huan)節、各種(zhong)建(jian)(jian)筑材料(liao)、各個施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、各參(can)與(yu)企業和(he)參(can)建(jian)(jian)人員中(zhong)，任何環(huan)節出(chu)現紕漏和(he)麻痹(bi)大意，都會對(dui)整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)造成重大影(ying)響。

三. 提高(gao)施(shi)工質量管理水平的(de)措施(shi)

3.1 加強工程(cheng)材(cai)料管理(li)

在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)施(shi)工(gong)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)采(cai)購時，建設單位應實(shi)施(shi)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)招標活動(dong)，以(yi)便能夠選出質量信譽可靠、生產(chan)管理好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)來供貨(huo)；招投(tou)標期間(jian)，建設單位應當對(dui)采(cai)取投(tou)標的(de)(de)(de)企(qi)業(ye)產(chan)品(pin)進(jin)行(xing)抽樣檢(jian)(jian)查，若檢(jian)(jian)查過(guo)程中(zhong)發現所生產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)有質量問題，則(ze)不(bu)允許(xu)其參與投(tou)標活動(dong)。在(zai)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)進(jin)入施(shi)工(gong)現場前，需要(yao)對(dui)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)質量進(jin)行(xing)抽樣檢(jian)(jian)查，若發現質量不(bu)滿(man)足設計(ji)和規(gui)范要(yao)求，則(ze)應禁止(zhi)其進(jin)入施(shi)工(gong)場地，以(yi)防止(zhi)不(bu)合格原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)被(bei)用于(yu)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)。

3.2 強化施工關(guan)鍵環(huan)節(jie)的(de)質量控制

在進行(xing)公路隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，為了確保工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)，應(ying)強化關鍵環節的(de)質量(liang)管理(li)(li)。首先，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)地段地貌、地質的(de)測(ce)量(liang)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)可缺少(shao)的(de)環節；施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)前施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位應(ying)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)現(xian)場實際(ji)情(qing)況，制定合(he)(he)理(li)(li)、科(ke)學、詳細的(de)測(ce)量(liang)方案，并嚴格(ge)按照規范要(yao)(yao)求進行(xing)反復(fu)測(ce)量(liang)，以便給工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、設計提(ti)供準確數(shu)據(ju)。其次(ci)(ci)，根(gen)據(ju)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)挖的(de)新奧法理(li)(li)論，開(kai)挖后(hou)(hou)要(yao)(yao)及時(shi)進行(xing)支(zhi)護，這樣(yang)不(bu)(bu)但能夠降(jiang)低圍(wei)巖變(bian)形，而且能夠有效發揮支(zhi)護結(jie)(jie)構的(de)承(cheng)受(shou)荷(he)載的(de)能力(li)，當(dang)前錨噴支(zhi)護是(shi)公路隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)最為常(chang)(chang)用的(de)支(zhi)護方法。最后(hou)(hou)，在對公路隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)進行(xing)二次(ci)(ci)襯砌(qi)作業時(shi)，最為常(chang)(chang)見的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)問題為混凝土(tu)裂縫(feng)的(de)出現(xian)，造成這種情(qing)況發生的(de)主要(yao)(yao)原因是(shi)圍(wei)巖松動。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)通常(chang)(chang)使用刻度(du)放大鏡和塞尺來檢查(cha)裂縫(feng)，在確定混凝土(tu)裂縫(feng)的(de)寬度(du)和深度(du)以后(hou)(hou)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位應(ying)結(jie)(jie)合(he)(he)現(xian)場實際(ji)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環境，采(cai)取必要(yao)(yao)的(de)措施(shi)(shi)進行(xing)處理(li)(li)。

篇5

關鍵詞：鐵路隧道(dao) 施工 主要風險(xian) 規避措施

中圖分類號：U45 文獻標識碼：A

鐵(tie)路隧(sui)道施工(gong)(gong)具有施工(gong)(gong)環境較差、地質狀況復雜等特(te)點，這(zhe)給隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)和運營帶來了潛在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)。目(mu)前(qian)，對隧(sui)道及地下(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識沒有統一，對風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)與危險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別(bie)沒有一個明確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識。對于地下(xia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)及隧(sui)道來說(shuo)，風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)是在(zai)以工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)正(zheng)常施工(gong)(gong)為(wei)目(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行動過程(cheng)中，假如(ru)某項(xiang)活動或客觀存在(zai)在(zai)一定程(cheng)度上導致承險(xian)(xian)體系統發生(sheng)各類間接或直接損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可能性，那(nei)么就稱這(zhe)個項(xiang)目(mu)是存在(zai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)這(zhe)項(xiang)活動或客觀存在(zai)所引發的(de)(de)(de)(de)后果就成為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)事故。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)管理(li)者只有通過一個全方位的(de)(de)(de)(de)識別(bie)、科學、合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評判(pan)，才會使整個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)避(bi)免重大損失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)，從(cong)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保證了工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效益。

一、鐵路(lu)隧(sui)道工程施(shi)工存在(zai)的風險

鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)隧道工(gong)程施工(gong)極(ji)其復雜，所遇到的(de)(de)隧道施工(gong)風險問題(ti)也(ye)是很多的(de)(de)，總體(ti)來(lai)講，鐵(tie)(tie)路(lu)隧道工(gong)程施工(gong)風險問題(ti)主要體(ti)現在以(yi)下幾個方面。

1、地質狀況風險

鐵(tie)路隧道工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)對于(yu)地(di)質狀況(kuang)要求比較高(gao)，復雜(za)的工(gong)(gong)程地(di)質狀況(kuang)，將對隧道工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)極其(qi)不利，也是(shi)鐵(tie)路隧道工(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)常見的問題。

2、施(shi)工過程中的風(feng)險(xian)

施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中的(de)風險比較多(duo)，包(bao)括現場(chang)風險、技(ji)術風險，至施工(gong)(gong)人員(yuan)的(de)素質也(ye)影響著鐵路隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)風險。另外，施工(gong)(gong)材料的(de)質量(liang)以及現場(chang)使用數量(liang)也(ye)在(zai)一定程(cheng)度上影響著鐵路隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)風險管理。

3、施工工期風險

施(shi)工工期風(feng)險主要包括建設(she)環境、業主、設(she)計方(fang)、承(cheng)包方(fang)的因(yin)素(su)，成(cheng)為影響鐵路隧道工程施(shi)工風(feng)險管理的重要因(yin)素(su)。

4、投資風險

投資風(feng)險主(zhu)要來(lai)自于因其經濟(ji)投資而(er)帶(dai)來(lai)的風(feng)險，包括不可(ke)抗力風(feng)險、環境保(bao)護(hu)風(feng)險、社會政治風(feng)險、宏觀經濟(ji)變化、生產經營風(feng)險、工(gong)程完工(gong)風(feng)險以(yi)及(ji)參建方(fang)的信用風(feng)險。

5、環境風險

包括運(yun)營期和施(shi)工期的電磁、振動、固體廢棄物(wu)、噪(zao)聲、空(kong)氣污染及其水污染等(deng)對周邊環境所帶(dai)來的影響。

6、鐵(tie)路隧道工程運營風險(xian)

包(bao)括了(le)隧(sui)道結構穩(wen)定(ding)性(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險，隧(sui)道防水可(ke)的(de)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險，盾構隧(sui)道結構侵蝕環境、耐(nai)久(jiu)性(xing)(xing)對隧(sui)道結構損傷風(feng)(feng)(feng)險、消防設施可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險、運營通風(feng)(feng)(feng)系統的(de)可(ke)靠(kao)(kao)性(xing)(xing)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險以及典型(xing)災害事故風(feng)(feng)(feng)險，如地震、火(huo)災等等。

二、影響鐵路隧道施工的主要風險因素

1、隧道(dao)施工風險的特點

(1) 因(yin)為隧道施工對(dui)場地周圍土體的(de)擾動(dong)大，造成了對(dui)場地周圍環境(jing)、居(ju)民生(sheng)活(huo)和(he)建筑(zhu)物的(de)影響，除了自身(shen)的(de)技術因(yin)素影響以外，隧道施工還(huan)不(bu)可(ke)以與外部環境(jing)發生(sheng)關系，這樣就會(hui)使得(de)隧道施工風險不(bu)僅僅是具有內部因(yin)素的(de)多樣性(xing)，而且還(huan)具有一個鮮明的(de)層(ceng)次性(xing)；

(2) 在隧道的施工過程之中(zhong)，因為試驗數據離(li)散性(xing)比較大，其勘察報告所提供的場地性(xing)質資料(liao)又很有限以及地下情況(kuang)的不可(ke)預知(zhi)性(xing)，施工風(feng)險的可(ke)變性(xing)就會更加的明顯；

(3) 因為(wei)勘察設計資料非(fei)常(chang)有(you)限，設計計算(suan)理論不(bu)完善和在隧道施(shi)工(gong)中會不(bu)可(ke)避免地發生一(yi)些突發事件等的(de)原因，就會使得隧道施(shi)工(gong)的(de)風險具有(you)大量發生的(de)必(bi)然性(xing)和發生的(de)偶然性(xing)；

(4)因(yin)為隧道工程的水文地質、地基巖(yan)土性質的條件比較復雜，隧道施工的風險是客觀(guan)存(cun)在的。

2、隧道工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程中(zhong)的風險因(yin)素

2.1、水文地質條件的復(fu)雜(za)性導致的自然風(feng)險和(he)環境風(feng)險

工(gong)程水(shui)文(wen)地質條件是隧(sui)道設計和(he)施工(gong)最(zui)重要(yao)的基礎資料。其復(fu)雜性主要(yao)表現(xian)在：

(1) 地層中的其他障礙物，主(zhu)要包括:建筑或(huo)(huo)其他構筑物基礎、各(ge)種管線設施、廢棄構筑物、其他孤立物，如孤石(shi)或(huo)(huo)江底沉船(chuan)等。

(2) 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)文資料(liao)方面，主要包括：水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)流(liu)向(xiang)與流(liu)速、含水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量、巖土的(de)滲透性、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)壓(ya)和(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)沖刷、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)腐蝕性、補給來(lai)源等等。

(3) 地層(ceng)方(fang)面體現在乳性(xing)(xing)和變形以及各種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)良地質(zhi)、巖土介(jie)質(zhi)在切(qie)削攪拌后(hou)的流動性(xing)(xing)、不(bu)(bu)同巖土介(jie)質(zhi)材料的物理(li)力學性(xing)(xing)質(zhi)與參數、地層(ceng)層(ceng)次(ci)分布情(qing)況等等。2.2、建設中的機械設備(bei)、技術(shu)(shu)人員和技術(shu)(shu)方(fang)案的復(fu)雜性(xing)(xing)引起的施工風險

隧(sui)道及地下工程建設(she)中，施工操作技(ji)術(shu)水(shui)平、機械設(she)備、建設(she)隊伍等對工程的(de)(de)建設(she)風(feng)險(xian)(xian)都有(you)直(zhi)接(jie)的(de)(de)影響。因為(wei)工程施工技(ji)術(shu)方案與(yu)工藝(yi)流程復雜，且(qie)不同的(de)(de)工法又有(you)不同的(de)(de)適用(yong)條件，貿然的(de)(de)采取某(mou)種(zhong)設(she)備、技(ji)術(shu)和方案勢必(bi)會產生風(feng)險(xian)(xian)。2.3.1、進(jin)度施工管理及人(ren)員素(su)質

施(shi)工(gong)控(kong)制計劃(hua)(hua)不(bu)完善、施(shi)工(gong)控(kong)制計劃(hua)(hua)可操(cao)作性差、施(shi)工(gong)控(kong)制計劃(hua)(hua)組織(zhi)機構人(ren)(ren)員不(bu)落實、施(shi)工(gong)控(kong)制信息不(bu)暢(chang)通、有效控(kong)制方法落后、管理(li)人(ren)(ren)員素質差以及承(cheng)包商和(he)監理(li)工(gong)程師(shi)不(bu)合作等。

2.3.2、原材料和成(cheng)品(pin)半成(cheng)品(pin)材料風險(xian)因素

成(cheng)品、半成(cheng)品和(he)(he)原(yuan)材(cai)料質量(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)規格(ge)(ge)不(bu)合格(ge)(ge)；成(cheng)品、半成(cheng)品和(he)(he)原(yuan)材(cai)料的(de)品種和(he)(he)數量(liang)(liang)的(de)差錯；成(cheng)品、半成(cheng)品和(he)(he)原(yuan)材(cai)料的(de)訂貨或(huo)(huo)供應不(bu)足；運輸存(cun)儲和(he)(he)施工損耗以及(ji)特(te)殊材(cai)料或(huo)(huo)新材(cai)料質量(liang)(liang)的(de)穩定性等等。

2.3.3、設備風險因素

包括機(ji)電設(she)(she)(she)備安裝事故、設(she)(she)(she)備安裝調試失誤、施工(gong)設(she)(she)(she)備維修不當(dang)、施工(gong)設(she)(she)(she)備備件(jian)短缺、刀具磨(mo)損(sun)過快以及隧道掘進機(ji)損(sun)壞(huai)等(deng)等(deng)。

2.3.4、施工(gong)現場(chang)風險因素

地(di)質資料的(de)安全措施不力、通訊(xun)不暢、施工(gong)用電事故(gu)、洞(dong)口滑坡、山體偏壓、洞(dong)外危崖落石、突涌水、巖溶、有毒氣(qi)體釋放(硫化氫氣(qi)體等(deng))、瓦斯爆炸、巖爆、密封漏(lou)損、工(gong)作(zuo)面塌方、不確定性等(deng)等(deng)。

2.3.5、施工技術(shu)風險(xian)因素

質量檢測(ce)技(ji)術失(shi)(shi)誤(wu)、隧道施(shi)工(gong)中初支(zhi)的(de)收斂變形超出控制、隧道軸線定位偏差(cha)、爆破控制不(bu)當(dang)、隧道施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術問題的(de)不(bu)確定性、現場工(gong)作不(bu)均衡系數大、施(shi)工(gong)進度不(bu)合(he)理、施(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術與方案不(bu)合(he)理、施(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)落后以(yi)及新方法(fa)新技(ji)術的(de)應用困難或(huo)是失(shi)(shi)敗(bai)等(deng)等(deng)。

三、風(feng)險分析(xi)及風(feng)險規避措施

1、建設一支(zhi)懂管(guan)理、精技術(shu)、高(gao)素質的(de)人才隊(dui)伍是實現(xian)風險管(guan)理的(de)智力保(bao)障

首先，應在隧道工程項(xiang)目上配(pei)足各類專(zhuan)業(ye)技術(shu)人(ren)員。要(yao)想建(jian)設一支懂管(guan)理、精(jing)技術(shu)、高素質的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)才隊(dui)伍(wu)，專(zhuan)業(ye)技術(shu)人(ren)員必須也(ye)只有在隧道工程項(xiang)目中經受(shou)磨練，才能(neng)成(cheng)(cheng)才，所以專(zhuan)業(ye)技術(shu)人(ren)員的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)備非常關鍵。其次，要(yao)賦予現(xian)(xian)場項(xiang)目管(guan)理上的(de)(de)(de)工程師足夠的(de)(de)(de)決策處理權力。正確(que)地(di)判斷(duan)現(xian)(xian)場反饋的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)，果斷(duan)地(di)采取措施(shi)，對(dui)現(xian)(xian)場管(guan)理又是那么重(zhong)要(yao)。另外，不僅要(yao)加(jia)強內部管(guan)理，而(er)且要(yao)加(jia)強與設計、監理的(de)(de)(de)溝通；動(dong)態管(guan)理條件下不僅要(yao)精(jing)通專(zhuan)業(ye)技術(shu)，而(er)且要(yao)熟知合(he)同(tong)內容；一些定量的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)可能(neng)通過先進測(ce)試技術(shu)取得，但由經驗和教訓組合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)則需(xu)要(yao)在實踐中不斷(duan)總結才能(neng)得到。

2、選擇科學、合理的(de)施工方法(fa)，為化解風險提供(gong)有(you)力的(de)保證

《鐵路隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)規范(fan)》規定(ding):“選擇施工(gong)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，應(ying)以地質條件為主(zhu)，結(jie)(jie)合(he)經濟(ji)效益、機械設備情況、施工(gong)技術(shu)力量、工(gong)期要求、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)類型、斷面、隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)長(chang)度等(deng)等(deng)，綜(zong)合(he)確定(ding)，并優(you)先的(de)采用噴錨構(gou)筑法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。對地質變(bian)化較(jiao)大的(de)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)，來選擇的(de)施工(gong)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)要有較(jiao)多的(de)適(shi)應(ying)性，以便于在圍(wei)巖變(bian)化的(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)就容易變(bian)換(huan)施工(gong)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)而較(jiao)少地影響施工(gong)的(de)進度。在變(bian)換(huan)施工(gong)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)時(shi)(shi)候(hou)(hou)，應(ying)該(gai)要有其過渡的(de)措(cuo)施。”

3、采(cai)用先(xian)進測試技術，及時反(fan)饋(kui)信息，以防范風險提(ti)高信息保證

隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)界(jie)在長期的(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)踐中，積累(lei)了(le)豐(feng)富的(de)(de)經驗，認識到“動態化(hua)設計，信息(xi)化(hua)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)”的(de)(de)必(bi)然性和(he)重要性。在一(yi)(yi)些地質條件復雜或重要的(de)(de)隧(sui)道(dao)，監理、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)、廠商和(he)設計、科研(yan)、學(xue)校(xiao)等(deng)單位來(lai)一(yi)(yi)起開展技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)攻(gong)關(guan)，進(jin)而研(yan)制(zhi)出了(le)實(shi)用的(de)(de)測試(shi)儀器(qi)，開發出先(xian)進(jin)的(de)(de)測試(shi)技(ji)術(shu)，為隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)信息(xi)管理提(ti)供了(le)技(ji)術(shu)支持，為防(fang)范風險提(ti)供一(yi)(yi)個可靠的(de)(de)信息(xi)保證(zheng)。

總之，鐵(tie)路隧道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)具有施(shi)工(gong)環境較差、地(di)質狀(zhuang)況復雜等特點，這給(gei)隧道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)建設和運營帶來了潛(qian)在的(de)(de)風險。所以說(shuo)，風險管(guan)理者(zhe)只有通過全面的(de)(de)識(shi)別(bie)、合理的(de)(de)評判，才能使工(gong)程(cheng)免受重大損(sun)失，保證工(gong)程(cheng)效(xiao)益(yi)。

參考文獻

篇6

關(guan)鍵詞：高職；隧道工(gong)程施工(gong)與安(an)全；教(jiao)學(xue)模式

圍(wei)繞面向公(gong)路(lu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市道(dao)(dao)路(lu)和橋梁(liang)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)建設第一線，培養學(xue)生“不僅要(yao)掌握扎實(shi)的基礎理(li)論(lun)知識，還(huan)要(yao)具有創新能(neng)力(li)和實(shi)踐能(neng)力(li)”這一高職教育(yu)目標，結合我國(guo)對地下(xia)及(ji)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程人才的迫切需要(yao)，道(dao)(dao)橋（安全(quan)）教研(yan)室對“隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)安全(quan)”的教學(xue)方(fang)法(fa)、教學(xue)模式(shi)方(fang)面進(jin)行(xing)了探索。本文根據近年來(lai)的教學(xue)實(shi)踐，在借(jie)鑒(jian)其他(ta)學(xue)科和兄弟院校成功(gong)經驗的基礎上，從提高“隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)安全(quan)”教學(xue)質(zhi)量(liang)和效果的角度(du)，對隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)安全(quan)的教學(xue)模式(shi)進(jin)行(xing)探討，提出了一些建議。

1教學中的困惑

1.1教(jiao)材(cai)結構體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)混亂、主(zhu)線(xian)不(bu)(bu)明。隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)與安全(quan)所(suo)包含的(de)內(nei)容(rong)龐雜(za),既涉及(ji)到勘察(cha)、設計(ji)、施工(gong)(gong)、管理、安全(quan)的(de)內(nei)容(rong),又(you)有鐵路隧(sui)道、公路隧(sui)道、高速(su)鐵路隧(sui)道等的(de)區分,同(tong)時還涉及(ji)到地質、圍巖、材(cai)料等方面的(de)內(nei)容(rong),這些內(nei)容(rong)根據不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)要求可(ke)以組成不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)主(zhu)線(xian),但它們又(you)相(xiang)互交錯,給(gei)學生的(de)印象(xiang)是(shi)結構體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)松散、主(zhu)線(xian)不(bu)(bu)明、重點不(bu)(bu)突(tu)出,甚至有一(yi)種一(yi)團(tuan)亂麻、理不(bu)(bu)出頭(tou)緒的(de)感(gan)覺,因此學生普遍(bian)反映這門課程難學。[1]

1.2教(jiao)學學時(shi)少，難于滿足(zu)要求。教(jiao)學學時(shi)少與教(jiao)學內容(rong)(rong)多(duo)的矛盾(dun)十(shi)分突(tu)出。該門課程從原先的64學時(shi)銳減到(dao)現在(zai)的48個學時(shi)，要在(zai)正常教(jiao)學時(shi)間內把繁多(duo)內容(rong)(rong)講精(jing)、講透、講通，難度較大。

2教學模式探討

2.1選(xuan)擇適宜(yi)教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)。隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程施工(gong)與安全所包含的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)(rong)龐雜,既(ji)涉(she)及(ji)到勘(kan)察、設計、施工(gong)、管理(li)、安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)(rong),又有鐵(tie)路隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)、公路隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)、高(gao)(gao)速鐵(tie)路隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)等的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區分(fen),同(tong)時還涉(she)及(ji)到地質(zhi)(zhi)、圍巖、材(cai)料等方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)(rong),這些(xie)內容(rong)(rong)根據不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求可以組成(cheng)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主線,但它們又相互交(jiao)錯,給(gei)學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)印象是(shi)結構體系(xi)松(song)散(san)、主線不明(ming)、重(zhong)點不突出(chu),甚至有一種一團亂麻、理(li)不出(chu)頭緒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺,因此學(xue)(xue)生普遍反映這門課程難學(xue)(xue)。而教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)在整個教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)環節中占重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置,教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量直接會影響到教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)。根據高(gao)(gao)職(zhi)學(xue)(xue)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點，編(bian)制應(ying)用(yong)型教(jiao)(jiao)材(cai)，體現(xian)施工(gong)主線，對于重(zhong)點章節相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)制案例，提高(gao)(gao)學(xue)(xue)生處(chu)理(li)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)安全事故的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能力。

2.2多(duo)(duo)媒(mei)(mei)體(ti)(ti)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)。隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)與安全教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)與實際(ji)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聯(lian)系緊密，隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)結構形(xing)式、模型及施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)很(hen)難通(tong)過(guo)板(ban)書形(xing)式表達出(chu)來(lai)，而學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)本身又缺乏實踐能(neng)(neng)力，對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本身沒有太(tai)深的(de)認識，因此，需要加強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對(dui)隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)感性認識，學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)才能(neng)(neng)很(hen)好(hao)的(de)理解(jie)各個(ge)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。多(duo)(duo)媒(mei)(mei)體(ti)(ti)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，針對(dui)這種狀況(kuang)，通(tong)過(guo)在(zai)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)多(duo)(duo)媒(mei)(mei)體(ti)(ti)技(ji)術(shu)，在(zai)很(hen)大(da)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上解(jie)決了這一問題(ti)。例如采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)多(duo)(duo)媒(mei)(mei)體(ti)(ti)技(ji)術(shu)，用(yong)視頻動畫(hua)的(de)形(xing)式演示隧道(dao)各施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，增強學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)感官認識，提(ti)到學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)興趣(qu)。采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)多(duo)(duo)媒(mei)(mei)體(ti)(ti)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)，使(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)與所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知識有了感性接觸的(de)機會，使(shi)原本枯燥、平(ping)面的(de)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)變得(de)生(sheng)(sheng)動、立體(ti)(ti)起來(lai)，便于學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)理解(jie)和掌握(wo)，激(ji)發(fa)其求知欲(yu)，與單純(chun)的(de)板(ban)書教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)相比，采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)多(duo)(duo)媒(mei)(mei)體(ti)(ti)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)彌補(bu)了教學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)內容多(duo)(duo)、課時少(shao)的(de)矛盾，能(neng)(neng)夠收(shou)到事(shi)半功倍的(de)效果。[2]

2.3討(tao)論(lun)式教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue).受(shou)傳統教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)模式的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)習(xi)慣于被動(dong)接受(shou)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)，聽課(ke)(ke)(ke)時(shi)只忙于記筆記，對(dui)(dui)于老(lao)師(shi)上(shang)課(ke)(ke)(ke)所講的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容很少動(dong)腦筋主動(dong)問一(yi)問為什么(me)，缺乏對(dui)(dui)知(zhi)識(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)渴(ke)望，學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)熱情(qing)不高。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)這(zhe)種狀況，在課(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)上(shang)宜采用討(tao)論(lun)式教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)。首(shou)先(xian)，加(jia)強對(dui)(dui)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)問，每(mei)次(ci)(ci)上(shang)課(ke)(ke)(ke)之(zhi)前，對(dui)(dui)上(shang)次(ci)(ci)課(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容進(jin)行提(ti)問，看(kan)看(kan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)上(shang)次(ci)(ci)課(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)掌握情(qing)況。其次(ci)(ci)，在課(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)上(shang)，加(jia)強與(yu)(yu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)通，布置小任務，使學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)參(can)與(yu)(yu)到討(tao)論(lun)當中，通過提(ti)問，掌握學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)對(dui)(dui)問題的(de)(de)(de)理解能力，以方便更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)，最大限度地(di)調動(dong)其學(xue)(xue)(xue)習(xi)積極性(xing)和參(can)與(yu)(yu)意識(shi)(shi)，啟迪創新思維。

2.4注(zhu)重案(an)例(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)析。根據理(li)(li)論學(xue)習的階段性(xing)要求(qiu)，師生(sheng)圍繞某個取自于真實(shi)工程背景(jing)、具有(you)代表性(xing)和(he)典(dian)型性(xing)及(ji)專業(ye)探討價值的工程實(shi)況，利(li)用(yong)當前學(xue)習的理(li)(li)論知識，對其(qi)進行分(fen)(fen)析，以(yi)求(qiu)學(xue)生(sheng)在解(jie)決(jue)疑難問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)并作出相(xiang)(xiang)應決(jue)策時，加深對基本原理(li)(li)和(he)概念的理(li)(li)解(jie)，進而(er)(er)提(ti)高分(fen)(fen)析問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)解(jie)決(jue)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)(ti)能力的一種教(jiao)學(xue)方法(fa)。在案(an)例(li)(li)教(jiao)學(xue)過(guo)程中應注(zhu)意(yi)：案(an)例(li)(li)選擇應以(yi)小見(jian)大，由(you)淺入深；分(fen)(fen)析過(guo)程中注(zhu)意(yi)引導培育學(xue)生(sheng)專業(ye)興(xing)趣；注(zhu)意(yi)將案(an)例(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)析與(yu)教(jiao)學(xue)大綱和(he)教(jiao)學(xue)進度(du)相(xiang)(xiang)結合。例(li)(li)如將嶺南高速分(fen)(fen)水嶺隧道塌(ta)方事故(gu)、宜(yi)萬鐵路野三關隧道突涌水事故(gu)等工程實(shi)例(li)(li)介紹給學(xue)生(sheng)，不(bu)僅引起(qi)學(xue)生(sheng)學(xue)習興(xing)趣，而(er)(er)且產生(sheng)很大的震撼。[3]

2.5將(jiang)課程(cheng)(cheng)內容與工(gong)作(zuo)實(shi)踐相(xiang)結(jie)合(he)。課堂講授與工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)踐相(xiang)結(jie)合(he)是(shi)完成(cheng)隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)與安全教學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容的(de)(de)(de)必要環節。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)踐是(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)將(jiang)實(shi)際工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)與所學(xue)(xue)(xue)理論(lun)知(zhi)識(shi)聯系，將(jiang)理論(lun)知(zhi)識(shi)運用于實(shi)踐的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要環節，學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)經過(guo)課程(cheng)(cheng)理論(lun)知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)授，加(jia)深了(le)對隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)理論(lun)知(zhi)識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)與認(ren)識(shi)。通過(guo)道(dao)(dao)(dao)橋(qiao)系創新型(xing)實(shi)訓(xun)基地的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓(xun)，學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)通過(guo)完成(cheng)教學(xue)(xue)(xue)產品(pin)，將(jiang)講學(xue)(xue)(xue)內容很好地與實(shi)際工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)合(he)起來，鍛煉(lian)了(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)踐工(gong)作(zuo)能力，又培(pei)養(yang)了(le)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)職業素養(yang)。具體(ti)辦法：在開設課程(cheng)(cheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)習之前，首先教師帶學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)參觀一(yi)下隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)試驗(yan)室(shi)，讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)熟悉一(yi)下隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)方面相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)材料、儀器設備，使學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)有一(yi)個感官(guan)認(ren)識(shi)。然后帶學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)到隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施工(gong)單位(wei)進(jin)(jin)行認(ren)識(shi)實(shi)習，使學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)在短時間內有感性認(ren)識(shi)。在教學(xue)(xue)(xue)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中，通過(guo)和施工(gong)企業單位(wei)進(jin)(jin)行協商，讓(rang)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)到施工(gong)現場進(jin)(jin)行觀摩見(jian)習。

3課程考核

為(wei)考(kao)查(cha)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)對所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌(zhang)握程(cheng)度，課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)結(jie)束(shu)后需以(yi)一(yi)定方(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)對每位學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)考(kao)核(he)(he)。考(kao)慮隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)安(an)全課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)隸屬(shu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)且極(ji)富應(ying)用實踐(jian)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，考(kao)核(he)(he)不應(ying)簡單以(yi)期末試(shi)卷為(wei)單一(yi)評判(pan)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)。結(jie)合實際教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)體會與(yu)經驗(yan)，筆者認(ren)為(wei)考(kao)核(he)(he)宜由3部分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)：a.課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)堂(tang)表(biao)現(xian)和(he)平(ping)時作(zuo)業(ye)（15%）。考(kao)查(cha)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)出勤率、聽課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)表(biao)現(xian)(提(ti)問(wen)(wen)與(yu)回(hui)答(da)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti))，及(ji)(ji)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)后作(zuo)業(ye)完(wan)成(cheng)情況;b.理論考(kao)試(shi)(占(zhan)(zhan)60%)。改革(ge)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)筆試(shi)形(xing)式(shi)(shi),在試(shi)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計上和(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)數上盡量(liang)做到既(ji)考(kao)查(cha)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)基(ji)(ji)本(ben)知識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌(zhang)握,又(you)通過案例分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析考(kao)查(cha)其對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析、解決能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li);c.實踐(jian)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(占(zhan)(zhan)25%)。主(zhu)要目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是對學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)動(dong)手(shou)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)查(cha)，通過設(she)置某一(yi)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事故案例，要求學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)運用所學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)知識，查(cha)閱文(wen)獻資料，參(can)考(kao)相關行業(ye)規范及(ji)(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)標準，對某一(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)作(zuo)資料整理、事故分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)析、解決措施(shi)(shi)、事故總結(jie)等綜合訓練，鍛(duan)煉學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)解決實際工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)(ti)。4結(jie)束(shu)語隨著我國交通基(ji)(ji)礎設(she)施(shi)(shi)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發展，地下及(ji)(ji)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規模和(he)數量(liang)不斷增加，急需大量(liang)具(ju)有(you)專業(ye)知識和(he)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)管(guan)理等方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人才。“隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)安(an)全”作(zuo)為(wei)道(dao)路橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)（安(an)全方(fang)(fang)向）專業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)干(gan)課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)之一(yi)，積極(ji)探索(suo)科學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)、有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法和(he)手(shou)段(duan)對于激發學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)生(sheng)(sheng)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)習主(zhu)動(dong)性、提(ti)高教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)品(pin)質及(ji)(ji)促(cu)進高素質專業(ye)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)人才的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培養有(you)重要意義(yi)。在借鑒相關成(cheng)功經驗(yan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎上，結(jie)合自(zi)身教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)實踐(jian)，對該課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)方(fang)(fang)法和(he)模式(shi)(shi)進行了(le)探討，并提(ti)出了(le)相關建(jian)議，對于該課(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)排(pai)、講(jiang)授(shou)具(ju)有(you)一(yi)定指導作(zuo)用。

參考文獻

[1]施成華(hua).《隧道工程(cheng)》課程(cheng)模塊化教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方法(fa)初(chu)探(tan)[J].長沙鐵道學(xue)(xue)院學(xue)(xue)報(社(she)會科學(xue)(xue)版)，2006,12(4):157-158.

[2]孫明磊,朱正國.“隧道工程”課程教(jiao)學(xue)改革與實踐[J].教(jiao)師,2009,(20):60-61.

篇7

【關鍵詞】鐵(tie)路隧道工程施工標準化管(guan)理九盤嶺隧道

1鐵路隧道工程施工標準(zhun)化管理的重要性(xing)及特點

所謂標準化(hua)管(guan)理(li)有以下(xia)特點:第一(yi)(yi)，分類管(guan)理(li)。對(dui)(dui)于施工中(zhong)可能會遇到(dao)的(de)(de)各種問題進(jin)行(xing)分類，并按照類別的(de)(de)不同給予針對(dui)(dui)性的(de)(de)應對(dui)(dui)策略;第二，標準統一(yi)(yi)。在進(jin)行(xing)鐵路(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道工程(cheng)(cheng)施工過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，以工程(cheng)(cheng)質量為第一(yi)(yi)要務，以提高施工效率為主(zhu)要目(mu)標，對(dui)(dui)于不同施工環節(jie)標準統一(yi)(yi)，嚴格管(guan)理(li);第三，全程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)。對(dui)(dui)于鐵路(lu)隧(sui)(sui)道工程(cheng)(cheng)施工全過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)行(xing)全程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)，即360度無(wu)死角全面(mian)管(guan)理(li)。

2案例分析———九盤嶺隧道(dao)

九盤嶺隧道(dao)為雙線鐵路隧道(dao)，全長7130米(mi)(mi)，共有(you)進(jin)口(kou)工(gong)(gong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、橫(heng)洞(dong)工(gong)(gong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)斜井工(gong)(gong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)三個工(gong)(gong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)。其(qi)(qi)中進(jin)口(kou)工(gong)(gong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)承擔正洞(dong)施工(gong)(gong)2320米(mi)(mi)，其(qi)(qi)中Ⅲ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)40米(mi)(mi)，Ⅳ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)1640米(mi)(mi)，Ⅴ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)633米(mi)(mi);橫(heng)洞(dong)工(gong)(gong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)承擔正洞(dong)施工(gong)(gong)2572米(mi)(mi)，其(qi)(qi)中Ⅲ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)1692米(mi)(mi)，Ⅳ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)465米(mi)(mi)，Ⅴ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)67米(mi)(mi)，橫(heng)洞(dong)長532米(mi)(mi)，有(you)Ⅳ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)465米(mi)(mi)，Ⅴ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)67米(mi)(mi);斜井工(gong)(gong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)承擔正洞(dong)施工(gong)(gong)2238米(mi)(mi)，其(qi)(qi)中Ⅲ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)1968米(mi)(mi)，Ⅳ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)220米(mi)(mi)，Ⅴ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)40米(mi)(mi)，斜井長210米(mi)(mi)，有(you)Ⅲ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)150米(mi)(mi)，有(you)Ⅳ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)20米(mi)(mi)，Ⅴ級(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)40米(mi)(mi)。橫(heng)洞(dong)采用無軌(gui)雙車(che)道(dao)運輸(shu)，斜井采用有(you)軌(gui)雙車(che)道(dao)運輸(shu)。

3施工標準化管理之(zhi)機(ji)械化管理

機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)是鐵路隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)中(zhong)的重要組(zu)成部(bu)分，結合九盤嶺(ling)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，筆者對(dui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)總(zong)結出(chu)以下幾點(dian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)經驗。第(di)一(yi)，按照鐵總(zong)《Q/CR9226－2015鐵路隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)配(pei)置(zhi)技術規(gui)程》的要求(qiu)提高施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)水(shui)平，對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)數量(liang)、規(gui)格做(zuo)出(chu)明確(que)的編制。第(di)二，標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)在對(dui)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)每(mei)個施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)步驟(zou)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)標段都有具(ju)體的要求(qiu)，對(dui)設(she)(she)備(bei)選型和(he)配(pei)置(zhi)選擇(ze)做(zuo)出(chu)明確(que)的規(gui)劃(hua)。結合九盤嶺(ling)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)案(an)例，對(dui)鉆(zhan)爆法(fa)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)的應用(yong)(yong)進行分析(xi)。在開挖(wa)作(zuo)業線(xian)，由(you)鑿巖機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)空(kong)氣壓(ya)縮(suo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等設(she)(she)備(bei)為施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)主要機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie);在裝運作(zuo)業線(xian)，由(you)挖(wa)掘機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、裝載機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(側卸(xie))、自卸(xie)汽車(che)(che)等組(zu)成;在噴錨作(zuo)業線(xian)，由(you)混砼(tong)(tong)濕(shi)噴機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、射流風機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)臺(tai)車(che)(che)(鋪設(she)(she)防水(shui)板)等組(zu)成;在襯砌作(zuo)業線(xian)，由(you)砼(tong)(tong)輸送(song)泵(beng)、泵(beng)送(song)系(xi)統、砼(tong)(tong)液壓(ya)模板臺(tai)車(che)(che)等組(zu)成。在具(ju)體施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)，機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)設(she)(she)備(bei)的標準(zhun)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)和(he)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率的提升(sheng)起到了明顯作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。第(di)三，對(dui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)的標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的監(jian)督。在具(ju)體施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)要對(dui)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)、計劃(hua)、質量(liang)等進行全(quan)面監(jian)督，保證機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)正常運行，高效利(li)用(yong)(yong)。同時，將機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)內容(rong)細化(hua)(hua)與明確(que)化(hua)(hua)，形成書面文件，報(bao)送(song)監(jian)理(li)(li)部(bu)門備(bei)案(an)。

4施工標準(zhun)化管(guan)理之安全(quan)管(guan)理

在安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管理中，要首先(xian)進(jin)行危險源的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)評(ping)估，對(dui)可能出(chu)現的(de)瓦斯(si)、高溫(wen)、地質災害、涌水等情況進(jin)行前(qian)瞻性(xing)研判和評(ping)估，建立安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)風險預警體系，對(dui)隨(sui)時可能出(chu)現的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)問(wen)題制定(ding)出(chu)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)解決方(fang)案;其次，針對(dui)不同的(de)地質構造和環境，制定(ding)專項施(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案，保證施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan);再次，進(jin)行技術創新，將(jiang)開挖、支(zhi)護、襯(chen)砌等施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術升級;最后，進(jin)行施(shi)工(gong)(gong)人(ren)員的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)教育。

5施工標準化管理之進度管理

鐵路隧道工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)復(fu)雜，受(shou)環(huan)境和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)較大，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)序繁瑣(suo)，容易受(shou)到多方(fang)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)而導(dao)致停工(gong)(gong)(gong)，延誤(wu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)期不僅造成時(shi)(shi)間(jian)成本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)增加，更會(hui)(hui)造成勞動力成本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)增加，最終(zhong)使得施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)總資金投入增加，影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)企(qi)業的(de)(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)，要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證(zheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效(xiao)(xiao)率和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度進(jin)(jin)行標準化管(guan)理(li)(li)十分(fen)(fen)重要(yao)(yao)。在(zai)這一(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)尤其注意以(yi)下幾類(lei)問題(ti):第一(yi)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度忽快忽慢，趕工(gong)(gong)(gong)期現(xian)狀必然會(hui)(hui)導(dao)致人力成本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)增加，且(qie)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)很難保(bao)證(zheng)。所(suo)(suo)以(yi)要(yao)(yao)對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度的(de)(de)(de)穩定性(xing)進(jin)(jin)行有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)監管(guan)，按照事(shi)先的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設計方(fang)案把(ba)嚴質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)關。比如(ru)(ru)在(zai)進(jin)(jin)行進(jin)(jin)度管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)候，可(ke)以(yi)把(ba)總體(ti)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)計劃(hua)(hua)分(fen)(fen)解(jie)為(wei)若干個階(jie)段(duan)，再以(yi)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)為(wei)參(can)照進(jin)(jin)行分(fen)(fen)解(jie)，諸如(ru)(ru)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)日(ri)計劃(hua)(hua)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)周計劃(hua)(hua)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)月計劃(hua)(hua)甚至施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)年(nian)計劃(hua)(hua)，這類(lei)有(you)預見性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)計劃(hua)(hua)可(ke)以(yi)幫助(zhu)企(qi)業充(chong)分(fen)(fen)調動各方(fang)資源(yuan)，整合人力、物力成本(ben)，實現(xian)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)最優配置。第二(er)，鐵路隧道施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)會(hui)(hui)出現(xian)大量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)廢渣(zha)，如(ru)(ru)不能對其進(jin)(jin)行有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)處理(li)(li)勢必會(hui)(hui)影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)周圍的(de)(de)(de)空氣環(huan)境、土壤質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)質(zhi)(zhi)情況，所(suo)(suo)以(yi)必須(xu)有(you)目的(de)(de)(de)、有(you)計劃(hua)(hua)地(di)對這類(lei)問題(ti)進(jin)(jin)行集中(zhong)、有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)處理(li)(li)，在(zai)保(bao)證(zheng)企(qi)業經濟效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)(shi)兼顧到社會(hui)(hui)效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)環(huan)境效(xiao)(xiao)益(yi)。在(zai)這一(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)需要(yao)(yao)將具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)責任明確到人，并(bing)建立完善的(de)(de)(de)反饋(kui)機制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)獎懲機制(zhi)(zhi)，充(chong)分(fen)(fen)調動員工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作積極性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)熱情，及(ji)時(shi)(shi)發現(xian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)不足，并(bing)給予及(ji)時(shi)(shi)校正，保(bao)證(zheng)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)性(xing)。

6施工標準化管理(li)之(zhi)專業(ye)化管理(li)

鐵路隧道施工(gong)(gong)(gong)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化(hua)管理(li)(li)中的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)業(ye)化(hua)管理(li)(li)是(shi)根據隧道施工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)、特點，按照(zhao)不同的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序、工(gong)(gong)(gong)種(zhong)等，組織制定相關(guan)設備、人(ren)員和(he)技術標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，按照(zhao)這一套體系完整、流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)清晰的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)進行專(zhuan)業(ye)化(hua)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)。在(zai)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)管理(li)(li)上(shang)進行分(fen)(fen)(fen)級，制定大(da)中小三級流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)，接著按照(zhao)“分(fen)(fen)(fen)級分(fen)(fen)(fen)層管理(li)(li)、整體協作運行”的(de)(de)(de)思路進行流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)制定，進而將(jiang)責(ze)任(ren)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)，保(bao)證流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)實施的(de)(de)(de)可靠。在(zai)人(ren)員管理(li)(li)上(shang)，切(qie)實抓好人(ren)員選配、機構設置、工(gong)(gong)(gong)作分(fen)(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)(gong)、專(zhuan)業(ye)培訓等基礎(chu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，認真落實管理(li)(li)責(ze)任(ren)，形成整體推進合力。

7結語

總(zong)而言之，鐵(tie)路隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)標準化管(guan)理(li)(li)是(shi)施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)發展(zhan)趨勢和(he)要求，以“專業(ye)管(guan)理(li)(li)、機械(xie)管(guan)理(li)(li)、進度管(guan)理(li)(li)、安全(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)”為著力點，是(shi)鐵(tie)路隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)標準化管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)發展(zhan)方向，是(shi)安全(quan)、質(zhi)量控制的(de)保(bao)障(zhang)，是(shi)企業(ye)效益增長的(de)基礎。

參考文獻:

［1］湯憲高，陳文(wen)義．鐵路隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)標準化管(guan)理手(shou)段探討［J］．鐵路工(gong)程造價(jia)管(guan)理，2011(03)．

篇8

【關鍵詞】隧道工程；合(he)同管理；造價控制(zhi)策略

一、引言

為了推動城市經濟的(de)(de)發展，加強城市間的(de)(de)聯系，很多省份(fen)、城市之間都在(zai)大力推動交通(tong)基礎設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)建設(she)。在(zai)高速公(gong)路(lu)(lu)、鐵路(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)修建過程(cheng)中，不(bu)可(ke)避免(mian)的(de)(de)遇到一(yi)些山體、河流等(deng)障礙物，需要通(tong)過隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，來滿足高速公(gong)路(lu)(lu)建設(she)的(de)(de)要求。隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)本身具有施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)周(zhou)期長、投入資金(jin)大等(deng)特點，如果不(bu)能(neng)采取有效(xiao)的(de)(de)措施(shi)，提高隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)合同管理水平，合理地(di)控制整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)造價，勢必影(ying)響整(zheng)個隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量和經濟效(xiao)益(yi)。

二、隧道工程合同管理及造價(jia)控制的概(gai)述(shu)

（一）合同管理

在隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)過程中，合同(tong)是經過隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)程建設(she)雙方(fang)協商一致所(suo)(suo)達成(cheng)的具有(you)法律效力的契約(yue)，明確(que)了業(ye)主(zhu)和施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)的權利和義務，同(tong)時還對(dui)雙方(fang)的履約(yue)行為具有(you)直接的約(yue)束力。所(suo)(suo)謂合同(tong)管(guan)理(li)，即作為企(qi)業(ye)的管(guan)理(li)者應嚴格根據相關法律法規的要(yao)求(qiu)，對(dui)合同(tong)的制定、更改、執(zhi)行以(yi)及違約(yue)等行為進行管(guan)理(li)，管(guan)理(li)成(cheng)效直接決定項目的經濟效益(yi)，它也(ye)是維護企(qi)業(ye)效益(yi)的重要(yao)手(shou)段，

（二）造價控制

為了提(ti)高(gao)企業本身的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)效(xiao)益，必須(xu)在(zai)確(que)保施工安全和施工質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上，合理的(de)(de)控制(zhi)工程的(de)(de)資金，避免工程造價(jia)超預算范圍。（1）隧道工程本身的(de)(de)隱(yin)蔽工程項目較(jiao)(jiao)多，如果(guo)不(bu)能采取有(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)控制(zhi)策略，勢必加大(da)工程超預算的(de)(de)風險(xian)。（2）相比較(jiao)(jiao)其他建設(she)工程，隧道工程的(de)(de)作(zuo)業環境(jing)相對惡劣(lie)，時刻(ke)受到(dao)周圍地(di)質(zhi)條(tiao)件、圍巖變化(hua)的(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，導致工程的(de)(de)整(zheng)體(ti)造價(jia)存在(zai)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)變數。

三、隧(sui)道工程合同管理的策略

（一）合同(tong)簽訂前(qian)的管理

為(wei)了避免在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)執(zhi)行(xing)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，因為(wei)用(yong)詞(ci)不當、言語不嚴(yan)(yan)謹，導致合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)雙方(fang)(fang)存在(zai)嚴(yan)(yan)重分(fen)歧，影響(xiang)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)(ge)隧(sui)道工程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)順(shun)利(li)建設(she)，在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)定過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)每一個(ge)(ge)詞(ci)語，甚至包括標(biao)點符號，都必(bi)須嚴(yan)(yan)格按(an)照合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)準規范(fan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求使用(yong)，必(bi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)時還需要(yao)(yao)(yao)聘請專業的(de)(de)(de)法律顧問進行(xing)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)審閱，確保(bao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)嚴(yan)(yan)謹性(xing)、規范(fan)性(xing)。此外，在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)定過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，應盡可能的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)內(nei)容的(de)(de)(de)完整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)性(xing)。尤(you)其是(shi)對(dui)于隧(sui)道工程(cheng)(cheng)而言，本身的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工相對(dui)復雜(za)且周期(qi)較長(chang)，在(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)制(zhi)定過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，不應忽視施(shi)工范(fan)圍、施(shi)工工期(qi)、造價、違(wei)約責任等多(duo)方(fang)(fang)面內(nei)容。利(li)用(yong)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)約束(shu)，來確保(bao)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)個(ge)(ge)工程(cheng)(cheng)按(an)時、按(an)質竣工完成。

（二）合同簽訂(ding)后的管理

在合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的執行(xing)階段(duan)，是(shi)(shi)隧道工程(cheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理的關(guan)(guan)(guan)鍵階段(duan)。合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的雙方(fang)管理人員必(bi)須(xu)充分了(le)解(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)中相關(guan)(guan)(guan)的權利和責(ze)任(ren)要求，從而確(que)保在工程(cheng)建設期間(jian)，嚴格按照(zhao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的約(yue)定要求，避(bi)免出(chu)現(xian)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)違(wei)約(yue)情況，導致索賠事件的發生(sheng)。因此，無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)業務還是(shi)(shi)施(shi)工方(fang)都必(bi)須(xu)重視合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)管理，采(cai)(cai)取(qu)精細(xi)化的管理措施(shi)，提高自身管理水平，確(que)保整個(ge)隧道工程(cheng)的順利建設。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，一旦發生(sheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)違(wei)約(yue)現(xian)象，需(xu)要采(cai)(cai)取(qu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)索賠時，應注意收集相關(guan)(guan)(guan)證據(ju)，來保護自身的切身利益。

四、隧道工程的造價控制(zhi)策略

（一）地質(zhi)勘察的造價控制

隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)環境相對(dui)(dui)(dui)復雜(za)，隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)線路的(de)選擇(ze)對(dui)(dui)(dui)整(zheng)個工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)造(zao)價具有重(zhong)大的(de)影響(xiang)。尤其是對(dui)(dui)(dui)沿線區(qu)域(yu)的(de)地質(zhi)情況必須進行(xing)詳細的(de)勘(kan)察(cha)，避(bi)免在地質(zhi)不(bu)良的(de)區(qu)域(yu)（如容易(yi)滑(hua)坡、崩塌等不(bu)良地段）進行(xing)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)。通過(guo)鉆探、物探等多種地質(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)手(shou)段的(de)應(ying)用，準(zhun)確的(de)掌握(wo)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)區(qu)域(yu)的(de)圍(wei)巖(yan)級別(bie)、地下水情況以(yi)及地應(ying)力變化(hua)，并在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中時(shi)刻對(dui)(dui)(dui)周圍(wei)的(de)圍(wei)巖(yan)變化(hua)進行(xing)勘(kan)察(cha)，合理預(yu)測并采(cai)取(qu)有效(xiao)措施(shi)(shi)預(yu)防(fang)可能出現的(de)地質(zhi)病害，避(bi)免影響(xiang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)整(zheng)體造(zao)價。

（二(er)）施(shi)工階(jie)段的造價(jia)控制

（1）施工方法

施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)正確(que)選擇是確(que)保(bao)隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)的(de)前(qian)提(ti)，也是確(que)保(bao)隧(sui)(sui)道施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順利(li)進(jin)行(xing)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)保(bao)障。當前(qian)，在(zai)隧(sui)(sui)道施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中，可以采(cai)用(yong)臺階(jie)法(fa)(fa)、單(dan)側(ce)/雙(shuang)側(ce)導坑法(fa)(fa)以及全(quan)斷(duan)面法(fa)(fa)等多種施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，根據(ju)隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)實際(ji)情況的(de)不同(tong)(tong)，所采(cai)用(yong)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)也不盡相同(tong)(tong)，而正確(que)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)，可以大大提(ti)高(gao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)便利(li)性，有助于確(que)保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)整體造價控制在(zai)預算范圍內。

（2）施工機械

在隧(sui)道工程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工階(jie)段，施(shi)(shi)工機(ji)械(xie)(xie)是影(ying)響工程(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要因(yin)素之一，因(yin)此，必須采(cai)取有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)提(ti)高施(shi)(shi)工機(ji)械(xie)(xie)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)效(xiao)率，降低(di)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)故障頻次(ci)。當前，隧(sui)道工程(cheng)(cheng)所需的(de)(de)(de)四套機(ji)械(xie)(xie)工具(ju)包括掘(jue)進(jin)、支護(hu)、運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)以及(ji)洞(dong)內作(zuo)(zuo)業環境保障等(deng)四套機(ji)械(xie)(xie)工具(ju)。其中(zhong)掘(jue)進(jin)與支護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)(bei)選(xuan)擇，是影(ying)響整個(ge)工程(cheng)(cheng)順利(li)開展的(de)(de)(de)關鍵。例(li)如：大部分工程(cheng)(cheng)均采(cai)用多功能臺架(jia)式鉆孔臺車作(zuo)(zuo)為隧(sui)道工程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要掘(jue)進(jin)設備(bei)(bei)，同時，為了(le)提(ti)高整個(ge)隧(sui)道施(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)掘(jue)進(jin)速度，在運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)設備(bei)(bei)選(xuan)擇時，盡量選(xuan)擇運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)能力(li)(li)大于開挖(wa)能力(li)(li)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)。

（3）隧道開挖

當前，導致隧道(dao)工程(cheng)造價失控的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)因(yin)素之一就是(shi)隧道(dao)開挖(wa)(wa)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工。如果在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，出(chu)現(xian)超(chao)(chao)挖(wa)(wa)或(huo)者欠挖(wa)(wa)等問題，不(bu)僅影(ying)響(xiang)到整個隧道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)進度，而(er)且(qie)也增加了(le)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)作業(ye)量(liang)，導致工程(cheng)成本升高(gao)。尤其(qi)是(shi)爆(bao)破施(shi)(shi)(shi)工引起的(de)(de)(de)超(chao)(chao)、欠挖(wa)(wa)現(xian)象時(shi)有發(fa)生，相關工作者必須(xu)深入研究隧道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)破技(ji)術，通過(guo)(guo)嚴謹的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工組織管理，精確的(de)(de)(de)測量(liang)劃線和鉆孔(kong)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工，并科學的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇爆(bao)破技(ji)術，來提高(gao)爆(bao)破施(shi)(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)。

（三(san)）工(gong)程變更的(de)造價控制

在(zai)隧道(dao)施工過程(cheng)中(zhong)，不可避免的(de)因為(wei)一些外界因素(su)的(de)干(gan)道(dao)，導致工程(cheng)變更的(de)出(chu)現，這一定程(cheng)度上(shang)會(hui)給工程(cheng)的(de)造價控制帶來影響(xiang)。主要(yao)體(ti)現在(zai)以下(xia)幾(ji)個方面：

（1）設計原因

在進(jin)行工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設計過程(cheng)中，必須重視設計方案的(de)科學性(xing)和合理性(xing)，在確(que)保工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上，選(xuan)擇較(jiao)為經濟(ji)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)材料，提高施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)資源(yuan)利用效率，進(jin)而達到降低材料成本支出(chu)，降低工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)目的(de)。

（2）承包方原因

作為(wei)隧道工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)，如果在施工(gong)(gong)過程中，發現(xian)更(geng)為(wei)合理的(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)或(huo)者可以選用物美價廉(lian)的(de)(de)材料來替代設計(ji)方(fang)案(an)，在征得業主及相(xiang)關單(dan)位的(de)(de)同(tong)意的(de)(de)基(ji)礎上，可以通(tong)過工(gong)(gong)程變更(geng)來降低工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)整(zheng)體成(cheng)(cheng)本。此外，對承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)而(er)言，如何在規定時間內(nei)按(an)照設計(ji)要(yao)求高質量的(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)(cheng)整(zheng)個隧道工(gong)(gong)程，也(ye)是確保工(gong)(gong)程整(zheng)體造價控(kong)制在預(yu)算范圍內(nei)的(de)(de)基(ji)礎。

（3）業主原因

因為(wei)(wei)業主(zhu)提出(chu)的(de)縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)標準(zhun)提高以及施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)的(de)變(bian)更，都(dou)可能導致隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)成本(ben)增大，不利于造價的(de)控制。因此，對(dui)(dui)業主(zhu)方(fang)而言(yan)，應(ying)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中基于雙(shuang)方(fang)的(de)合同，針對(dui)(dui)承包(bao)方(fang)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)進(jin)行(xing)驗收、核對(dui)(dui)，避免出(chu)現偷工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)減料等有礙(ai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)出(chu)現，盡量(liang)減少正(zheng)常情況下(xia)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)更，避免影(ying)響工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)整體(ti)預算。

（4）環境原因

隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)所面臨(lin)的(de)地(di)質(zhi)環境(jing)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)復雜，如果對(dui)(dui)(dui)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)區域的(de)地(di)質(zhi)勘察不到(dao)位，將會導致(zhi)整(zheng)個工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)設計與施工(gong)現場存(cun)在差異，導致(zhi)工(gong)程(cheng)需要(yao)進行變更，造成(cheng)不必要(yao)的(de)成(cheng)本支出。此(ci)外，市場因素、國家(jia)的(de)相關法律法規調整(zheng)也是影響工(gong)程(cheng)造價的(de)因素之(zhi)一。因此(ci)，在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)過程(cheng)中，必須時(shi)刻關注(zhu)一些外界(jie)因素，加(jia)強施工(gong)管理，減(jian)少環境(jing)變化所造成(cheng)的(de)影響，以實現對(dui)(dui)(dui)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)造價地(di)有效控制(zhi)。

篇9

關鍵詞：公路隧道，開挖，安全(quan)施工(gong)技術

中圖分類號：TU74文獻(xian)標(biao)識碼(ma)： A

前言

公(gong)路(lu)隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)在當(dang)下是呈現(xian)逐步(bu)下滑趨勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)，這說(shuo)明(ming)當(dang)前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)整體環(huan)境是對公(gong)路(lu)隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注(zhu)度不(bu)高所致。目前(qian)，很(hen)多施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)并沒有(you)上文(wen)提到過的(de)(de)(de)擁有(you)獨立的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)，然而設立相關(guan)部(bu)門(men)的(de)(de)(de)單位(wei)卻沒有(you)起到質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)職責，因(yin)為這些質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)往(wang)往(wang)受(shou)到相關(guan)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)領導的(de)(de)(de)獨立領導，根本就(jiu)不(bu)具(ju)有(you)要求(qiu)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員出現(xian)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)問題后停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、返工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)權限，需要請(qing)示最高領導來(lai)決策，這樣(yang)很(hen)可能就(jiu)會因(yin)為進度和(he)利潤的(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)，否定(ding)了質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)監(jian)管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)人員的(de)(de)(de)意見，因(yin)此很(hen)難保證公(gong)路(lu)隧(sui)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)。

1 公路工(gong)程隧道開挖常見安全事故

( 1) 隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)開挖過程(cheng)中(zhong)，如(ru)果(guo)經過巖(yan)溶地(di)帶(dai)、地(di)質(zhi)斷層或者(zhe)是其他地(di)質(zhi)破碎(sui)帶(dai)時，如(ru)果(guo)前期的(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)勘察資料不(bu)(bu)準確，設計方案不(bu)(bu)合(he)理，隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)開挖的(de)(de)施工方案選(xuan)擇(ze)不(bu)(bu)當或者(zhe)是隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)開挖過程(cheng)中(zhong)臨時支護(hu)不(bu)(bu)足，極易造(zao)成隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)在開挖過程(cheng)中(zhong)由(you)于(yu)應力的(de)(de)集中(zhong)釋放，出(chu)現圍(wei)巖(yan)失穩、隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)內部塌方、透水以及(ji)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)突泥等安全(quan)事故(gu)的(de)(de)發生。

( 2) 如果隧(sui)道(dao)開挖不是(shi)采(cai)用(yong)沉(chen)埋或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)明挖作業法，而(er)是(shi)采(cai)用(yong)鉆爆(bao)法或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)掘進(jin)機掘進(jin)作業方法時(shi)，容(rong)易(yi)由(you)于(yu)鋼架搭設(she)不合理或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)鑿巖、掘進(jin)機械設(she)備操(cao)作不當出現高空墜(zhui)落或(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)機械傷害。

( 3) 在(zai)隧(sui)道施(shi)工中(zhong)，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)采(cai)用鉆爆(bao)法施(shi)工掘進，爆(bao)炸物品如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)管理不當或者是(shi)爆(bao)破作業未能嚴格按照施(shi)工作業安(an)全技術規程開展，則(ze)容(rong)易導致(zhi)隧(sui)道開挖(wa)(wa)過程中(zhong)出現爆(bao)炸等(deng)安(an)全事(shi)故(gu)。此外，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)在(zai)隧(sui)道開挖(wa)(wa)作業過程中(zhong)穿過含瓦斯地段(duan)的巖層(ceng)時，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)(guo)施(shi)工作業所采(cai)取的安(an)全防護措(cuo)施(shi)不足，也會造成爆(bao)炸等(deng)安(an)全事(shi)故(gu)的發生(sheng)。

( 4) 由(you)于隧道開(kai)挖作業(ye)過程中，隧道內部的作業(ye)面積很小，而且空氣質量較差，隧道內部施工(gong)的能見度也不高，機(ji)械(xie)駕駛(shi)人員以及現場(chang)的施工(gong)作業(ye)人員對車輛(liang)、機(ji)械(xie)的調度不當或者是(shi)作業(ye)銜接不合(he)理，缺乏有效的指揮，容易造成隧道工(gong)程開(kai)挖施工(gong)出現交通以及機(ji)械(xie)安全(quan)事故(gu)。

2 公路(lu)工程隧道安全施工技術

( 1) 結合(he)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的地(di)(di)(di)(di)質概況優化設計方案(an)，選擇合(he)理(li)的隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)挖(wa)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)。在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程開(kai)挖(wa)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業前，首要工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)便是(shi)明確隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)業區(qu)域(yu)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)質概況。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)(di)(di)(di)質概況主要包(bao)括隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)挖(wa)區(qu)域(yu)的地(di)(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌特(te)征、地(di)(di)(di)(di)質巖(yan)性、所處區(qu)域(yu)的地(di)(di)(di)(di)震烈度以及隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)區(qu)域(yu)的水(shui)文特(te)征。對(dui)(dui)于節理(li)裂隙(xi)較為發育以及隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)挖(wa)洞口(kou)仰坡(po)等對(dui)(dui)現有隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)山體穩定性影(ying)響較為嚴重的隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程，應該做(zuo)好隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)的洞門支護措(cuo)施并對(dui)(dui)開(kai)挖(wa)區(qu)域(yu)的坡(po)面采用骨(gu)架或者(zhe)是(shi)噴錨(mao)等措(cuo)施進行支護，確保隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)洞口(kou)開(kai)挖(wa)作(zuo)業順(shun)利(li)開(kai)展。

( 2) 為了確保隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)開(kai)挖作業(ye)(ye)的(de)順利開(kai)展，在隧道(dao)的(de)開(kai)挖施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye)方式上應(ying)該盡可(ke)能的(de)選用(yong)全(quan)斷面法，盡可(ke)能的(de)避免使用(yong)部分開(kai)挖作業(ye)(ye)方法，減(jian)少部分開(kai)挖由(you)于施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)干擾(rao)所帶來的(de)安(an)全(quan)事故隱(yin)患。對于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地質水文(wen)條(tiao)件較好(hao)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye)區域，應(ying)該優先考(kao)慮采用(yong)盾(dun)構機掘進作業(ye)(ye)，以加(jia)快施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)效率，確保施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye)安(an)全(quan)。此外(wai)，在隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)，應(ying)該盡可(ke)能地選用(yong)技(ji)術成熟可(ke)靠的(de)新的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝與施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)材(cai)料，以提高施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作業(ye)(ye)的(de)安(an)全(quan)性。

( 3) 對(dui)于(yu)采用鉆(zhan)(zhan)爆法(fa)開挖(wa)作業的(de)(de)情(qing)況，應(ying)該根(gen)據隧(sui)(sui)道工(gong)程施工(gong)區域(yu)的(de)(de)具(ju)體地質條件(jian)、施工(gong)作業技術要求以(yi)及出渣能(neng)力，合理的(de)(de)選(xuan)用爆破(po)材(cai)料以(yi)及爆破(po)方式(shi)，并盡可能(neng)的(de)(de)避免由于(yu)鉆(zhan)(zhan)爆法(fa)施工(gong)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)隧(sui)(sui)道圍巖的(de)(de)擾動，并減少(shao)隧(sui)(sui)道開挖(wa)的(de)(de)超挖(wa)以(yi)及欠挖(wa)工(gong)程量。

( 4) 如(ru)果隧道開(kai)挖作(zuo)業需要(yao)瓦斯(si)含量較高的(de)底層，應該(gai)在開(kai)挖施工作(zuo)業前將(jiang)施工機(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)更換為(wei)防(fang)爆(bao)安全(quan)性的(de)機(ji)械(xie)設備(bei)，并利(li)用瓦斯(si)濃(nong)度監測(ce)設備(bei)實(shi)施監測(ce)隧洞內部的(de)瓦斯(si)濃(nong)度，以(yi)便(bian)于決定是否(fou)開(kai)展施工作(zuo)業，避免瓦斯(si)爆(bao)炸等安全(quan)事(shi)故的(de)發(fa)生。

( 5) 對于圍(wei)巖(yan)破碎或者是節(jie)理發育的(de)(de)(de)不良地質條(tiao)件路段，隧(sui)(sui)道的(de)(de)(de)開(kai)挖(wa)作(zuo)業(ye)應(ying)該在提前支(zhi)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)開(kai)展，在隧(sui)(sui)道開(kai)挖(wa)后應(ying)該及時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)噴射(she)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)做好圍(wei)巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)襯砌工作(zuo)，對巖(yan)面形成(cheng)良好的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)閉(bi)。噴射(she)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)應(ying)該分兩次進(jin)(jin)行，在分布開(kai)挖(wa)后進(jin)(jin)行第(di)一次的(de)(de)(de)初噴，以便(bian)于及時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)封(feng)閉(bi)暴露巖(yan)面，在完成(cheng)錨桿、掛網以及鋼(gang)架安裝后應(ying)該進(jin)(jin)行混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)復噴，通過(guo)兩次噴射(she)混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)對圍(wei)巖(yan)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)位(wei)進(jin)(jin)行控制。

( 6) 對于隧道(dao)開挖(wa)施工(gong)作(zuo)業，應該盡可能實現各種(zhong)施工(gong)作(zuo)業的(de)機械(xie)化，通過高度(du)機械(xie)化減(jian)少人工(gong)作(zuo)業，降低安全事故(gu)發生概率。

( 7) 在隧(sui)道工程(cheng)開挖施(shi)工作業(ye)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，如果各項檢測數據不(bu)正常或者是(shi)出現突變，隧(sui)洞內部的地(di)表位(wei)移值大于正常允許(xu)值，或者是(shi)隧(sui)洞內部出現裂縫以及混凝土噴層(ceng)出現裂縫時(shi)，應該將其作為安(an)全(quan)事故(gu)信(xin)號，并及時(shi)組(zu)織施(shi)工作業(ye)人員以及施(shi)工作業(ye)設(she)備撤(che)離(li)現場，待(dai)查明危險源以及確定施(shi)工作業(ye)可以安(an)全(quan)開展后，方可進入施(shi)工作業(ye)現場重新(xin)作業(ye).

3 隧(sui)道開挖施(shi)工作業安全管理措施(shi)

( 1) 做好隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)(kai)挖安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援處理。制定安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援事故(gu)(gu)預(yu)案(an)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)在于(yu)當(dang)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)(kai)挖施工(gong)作業過程中(zhong)出(chu)現(xian)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)或者是其(qi)他緊(jin)急(ji)(ji)情(qing)況時，可(ke)以按(an)照(zhao)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援計劃(hua)進(jin)行應(ying)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援，減小由于(yu)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)造成(cheng)人員(yuan)(yuan)或者財產(chan)損失，并安(an)(an)排(pai)施工(gong)作業人員(yuan)(yuan)積極開(kai)(kai)展救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)人以及自救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)行動(dong)。隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)(kai)挖工(gong)程施工(gong)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援預(yu)案(an)的(de)(de)制定，應(ying)該(gai)結(jie)合隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程施工(gong)的(de)(de)特點(dian)，明確隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)(kai)挖作業過程中(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)各種(zhong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事故(gu)(gu)隱患，有針對性有重(zhong)點(dian)的(de)(de)制定。對于(yu)應(ying)急(ji)(ji)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援行動(dong)的(de)(de)開(kai)(kai)展流(liu)程，首先應(ying)該(gai)按(an)照(zhao)計劃(hua)再為(wei)搶險人員(yuan)(yuan)配發安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)防護用品后，組織(zhi)開(kai)(kai)展救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)援行動(dong)，同時設立安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)區域，組織(zhi)疏散以及營(ying)救(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)遇險人員(yuan)(yuan)進(jin)入安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)區域避(bi)險。

( 2) 明(ming)確(que)隧道開(kai)(kai)挖工程施工現場(chang)的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)崗(gang)位責(ze)任(ren)(ren)。為了確(que)保各項安(an)全(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)術措施在(zai)施工作業過程中得(de)到有效的(de)(de)貫徹(che)落(luo)實，必須開(kai)(kai)展安(an)全(quan)施工管理(li)(li)(li)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)制度管理(li)(li)(li)，通過明(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)制度以及清晰的(de)(de)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)界定，構建安(an)全(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)激勵體系，提高安(an)全(quan)管理(li)(li)(li)效果。

（3）加強公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)設(she)(she)計(ji)，提高施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全技(ji)術現代公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)量(liang)極大、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝也很復雜，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前一定(ding)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進(jin)行系(xi)統、客觀的(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)設(she)(she)計(ji)。公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)前期設(she)(she)計(ji)規劃不僅要(yao)(yao)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術參數(shu)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)細節等作出詳(xiang)盡而充實(shi)的(de)(de)(de)計(ji)劃，還要(yao)(yao)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)各(ge)個具體(ti)環節的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)、可操作性與實(shi)用性等進(jin)行嚴謹而專(zhuan)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)論證，同時盡量(liang)優化每一道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序。

（4）提高施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)素質，夯實(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)生產基礎有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)生產管理(li)(li)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)是(shi)很(hen)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。保證安(an)(an)全(quan)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)組織(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)通常包括(kuo)施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)安(an)(an)全(quan)意識的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規范(fan)化(hua)(hua)、安(an)(an)全(quan)生產知識與技能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓與教育(yu)及安(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)(li)組織(zhi)體系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)健全(quan)。過對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)多種(zhong)途徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)訓、教育(yu)，全(quan)面提高管理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、監理(li)(li)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和施(shi)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)技術素質，規范(fan)工(gong)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)操作行為，做到人(ren)(ren)人(ren)(ren)上標準崗、干標準活(huo)。使安(an)(an)全(quan)管理(li)(li)進一步規范(fan)化(hua)(hua)、制度(du)化(hua)(hua)，推(tui)動了各項(xiang)規章(zhang)制度(du)和規程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)落實(shi)，進一步夯實(shi)安(an)(an)全(quan)生產基礎。

結語

總之(zhi)，公路工(gong)程隧道(dao)開挖安(an)全(quan)(quan)施工(gong)應(ying)該(gai)以“預(yu)防為(wei)主，預(yu)防為(wei)上(shang)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)方針進行，安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產已(yi)經(jing)成為(wei)企(qi)業生(sheng)(sheng)存(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)過程中永恒(heng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主題，隨(sui)著社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)進步和(he)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，安(an)全(quan)(quan)問題正愈來愈多的(de)(de)(de)(de)受到(dao)整個社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)注與重視，作為(wei)施工(gong)企(qi)業來說，安(an)全(quan)(quan)就是形象(xiang)，安(an)全(quan)(quan)就是發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，安(an)全(quan)(quan)就是效益(yi)，搞(gao)好安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)產工(gong)作，保證(zheng)廣大(da)施工(gong)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)命和(he)財產安(an)全(quan)(quan)，是實(shi)現企(qi)業經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)可(ke)持續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)和(he)保障。

參考文獻

[1]中(zhong)華人民共和(he)(he)國主席令第70號,中(zhong)華人民共和(he)(he)國安全(quan)生產(chan)法,中(zhong)國法規出版社,2002.06.

[2]交通(tong)部令2006年第1號,公路水(shui)運(yun)工程安全生產監督管理(li)辦法.人民(min)交通(tong)出版,2007.03.

篇10

關鍵詞(ci)：施工成本(ben)；造(zao)價；控制

1、引言

隧道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)面(mian)臨以下難題：一是投入施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備多(duo)，工(gong)(gong)序復雜，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)措(cuo)施(shi)費用高；二是施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業多(duo)，競爭激烈，互(hu)相(xiang)壓(ya)價(jia)(jia)；三是業主要求工(gong)(gong)期短和降低工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)。因此，隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業必須加強項目成本控制和造價(jia)(jia)管理，才(cai)能獲取效(xiao)益。

2、隧道工程建(jian)設施工項目成本控制

工(gong)程(cheng)建設項(xiang)目(mu)成本(ben)控制，是指(zhi)施工(gong)企業在(zai)保(bao)證工(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)、工(gong)期等合同要(yao)求(qiu)下，對施工(gong)生(sheng)產(chan)管理消耗的(de)(de)人(ren)力、機(ji)械(xie)、物(wu)資和費用開支(zhi)進行(xing)指(zhi)導(dao)、監督、調節(jie)和限制，及時糾(jiu)正發生(sheng)的(de)(de)偏差，通過技術(shu)、經濟(ji)和管理，把各(ge)項(xiang)生(sheng)產(chan)費用控制在(zai)計劃成本(ben)內，以保(bao)證成本(ben)目(mu)標的(de)(de)實(shi)現。

2.1做好項目(mu)成本的預測

隧(sui)道工程項(xiang)目成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)預測是(shi)在(zai)分析(xi)隧(sui)道施工進程中各(ge)種(zhong)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)與技術要素、水文地(di)質(zhi)變(bian)化與對策(預案)、經(jing)(jing)營環境(jing)與戰略發展等靜(jing)態(tai)和動態(tai)影響及風險(物價的(de)(de)漲落(luo)、氣候的(de)(de)變(bian)化)對成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)升(sheng)降(jiang)的(de)(de)影響的(de)(de)基礎上，推(tui)算其成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)水平變(bian)化的(de)(de)趨勢及其規律(lv)性，預測施工項(xiang)目的(de)(de)實際成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)。根據制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)計(ji)劃和應得的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)效益和社(she)會效益，確定(ding)隧(sui)道工程項(xiang)目成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)目標，作為項(xiang)目成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)(ben)控制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)依據。

2.2隧道工程施工成本控制(zhi)的措施

(1)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)。全(quan)面控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)包括全(quan)員和全(quan)過程控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。①全(quan)員控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)是考核隧道(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)經濟效益的(de)綜合(he)性指標，它涉及到(dao)與施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)有關的(de)各部門(men)，也與每(mei)個職工(gong)(gong)(gong)切(qie)身利(li)益有關，因(yin)(yin)此，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)需要(yao)大(da)家共(gong)同關心。②全(quan)過程控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)。隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)的(de)發(fa)生涉及到(dao)項(xiang)目(mu)整個周期，因(yin)(yin)此，隧道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)全(quan)過程(從投標始(shi)至中(zhong)標后的(de)實施(shi)(shi)及竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)交)都(dou)要(yao)有成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)意識。

(2)動態控(kong)制(zhi)措施(shi)。隧道工程施(shi)工成(cheng)本控(kong)制(zhi)是(shi)在不斷變化(hua)的環境下進(jin)行(xing)的管理活動，所以必(bi)須堅持動態控(kong)制(zhi)的原則。

(3)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)管(guan)理措施。隧道工程項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)管(guan)理的(de)(de)內(nei)容包括：目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)設定(ding)和(he)(he)分解，目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)責任到位(wei)和(he)(he)執(zhi)行(xing)，檢查目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)執(zhi)行(xing)結果，評價目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)和(he)(he)修(xiu)正目(mu)(mu)(mu)標(biao)。

(4)責(ze)(ze)、權(quan)(quan)、利相結合(he)的(de)措施(shi)。在隧道工程施(shi)工過程中，項目(mu)經理部(bu)各部(bu)門在肩負成本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)責(ze)(ze)任的(de)同時，享有成本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)權(quan)(quan)力，定期檢查(cha)和考評，實行有獎(jiang)有罰(fa)，真正收到(dao)責(ze)(ze)、權(quan)(quan)、利相結合(he)的(de)成本(ben)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)的(de)預(yu)期效果。

3隧道工程項目造價管理

3.1工程項目造價管理的現狀

我國現(xian)行(xing)的(de)工程造價管理制(zhi)度是在五十年(nian)代(dai)形成、八十年(nian)代(dai)完(wan)善起來的(de)。。但隨著社會(hui)主(zhu)義市場經濟的(de)發展，這(zhe)個體系的(de)許多(duo)問題(ti)也隨之(zhi)暴露出來。主(zhu)要問題(ti)有以下幾方(fang)面。

(1)市(shi)場供求關系失(shi)衡，難以形成公平的市(shi)場競爭

“僧多粥少”的(de)供求(qiu)局面使得(de)(de)本(ben)己(ji)激(ji)烈的(de)市場競爭更(geng)趨(qu)激(ji)烈。一些施工(gong)(gong)企業為爭得(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)任務不(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)面對難以(yi)接受的(de)招標(biao)條件，如壓價承包、墊資施工(gong)(gong)、壓縮工(gong)(gong)期、指(zhi)定分(fen)包等等。

(2)工(gong)程項(xiang)目(mu)前期工(gong)作階段造(zao)價(jia)管理(li)薄弱

多(duo)年來，我國的(de)建(jian)設項目普遍(bian)忽視了項目建(jian)設前期(qi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)的(de)重要性(xing)，造價控制的(de)重點(dian)主要放在項目建(jian)設的(de)后期(qi)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)甚至在工程決算(suan)階(jie)(jie)段(duan)。因此經常出現投資超限的(de)現象。所以，我們必須更新觀念，重新認識，總結出一套完整的(de)工程造價控制與管(guan)理方法。

(3)對業主的(de)不規(gui)范行為缺乏(fa)約(yue)束(shu)機制

業(ye)主的(de)行為(wei)直(zhi)接(jie)關系到建設工(gong)程的(de)進度、質量和造(zao)價(jia)。建筑市(shi)場能(neng)否(fou)規(gui)(gui)范運行，直(zhi)接(jie)取決(jue)于業(ye)主的(de)行為(wei)是否(fou)規(gui)(gui)范。建筑市(shi)場治亂的(de)首要(yao)著眼點，就是要(yao)規(gui)(gui)范業(ye)主的(de)行為(wei)。

(4)對造價中介組織管理力度不(bu)夠

近年(nian)來(lai)，從事(shi)工程造價咨詢(xun)、標底編制(zhi)等工作的中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)組(zu)(zu)織發(fa)展(zhan)很快而相應的管(guan)理制(zhi)度卻(que)不配套，各種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)組(zu)(zu)織的資格認定和審批(pi)未能嚴格執(zhi)行(xing)，造成從業(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)素質不一。某些中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)組(zu)(zu)織帶(dai)有(you)行(xing)政(zheng)色(se)彩，不按規定辦事(shi)，缺乏公正性。中(zhong)(zhong)介(jie)組(zu)(zu)織對承擔的咨詢(xun)服務不負經濟責(ze)任，也沒有(you)完善的賠償制(zhi)度和回避制(zhi)度。特(te)別是標底編制(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，錯(cuo)算、漏算時(shi)有(you)發(fa)生，影(ying)響了招投標工作的順利(li)進(jin)行(xing)。

3.2隧(sui)道(dao)工程項目造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)理控制

隧道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價管(guan)理是一項融經濟、技術、管(guan)理于(yu)一體的(de)投(tou)資管(guan)理學科(ke)，貫(guan)穿于(yu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建設(she)的(de)整個過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。要有力地(di)控制工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價，減少建設(she)資金的(de)浪費(fei)，就要根(gen)據(ju)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目造價管(guan)理的(de)現狀和(he)隧道工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中各個項目的(de)自(zi)(zi)身特點，建立起符合我國(guo)國(guo)情的(de)具有建設(she)項目自(zi)(zi)身特點的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造價全過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)控制的(de)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序與(yu)方法。只有這樣才能更加有利于(yu)我國(guo)的(de)建設(she)。

(1)加強(qiang)宏觀調控，完善法制建設

社會主義市場經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)是法(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)，建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)要依法(fa)(fa)(fa)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，逐步建(jian)立起(qi)一個以(yi)《建(jian)筑法(fa)(fa)(fa)》為核心的(de)建(jian)筑法(fa)(fa)(fa)律體系(xi)，使建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)走(zou)向有法(fa)(fa)(fa)可依、執法(fa)(fa)(fa)必嚴的(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)軌道(dao)，要繼續完善建(jian)筑施工(gong)(gong)(gong)企(qi)業資質管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦法(fa)(fa)(fa)、招投標法(fa)(fa)(fa)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)合同法(fa)(fa)(fa)、質量管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)等法(fa)(fa)(fa)規制(zhi)度。法(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)建(jian)設(she)要結合實際，便于操作，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)的(de)各個階段都(dou)要有相應的(de)約束機制(zhi)。

(2)建立約(yue)束機制，規范(fan)業主行為(wei)

在建(jian)設(she)工程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)全過(guo)程(cheng)中，業(ye)主貫穿于建(jian)設(she)全過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)始終，建(jian)設(she)過(guo)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)各個階段(duan)離(li)不(bu)開業(ye)主的(de)(de)(de)參(can)與。因此，業(ye)主的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為對(dui)(dui)工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she)起著(zhu)很重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)作用。政府各主管(guan)部門應對(dui)(dui)業(ye)主在建(jian)設(she)階段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為依法加以規(gui)范(fan)和約束，要(yao)強化施工總承(cheng)包職能。

(3)規(gui)范(fan)中介(jie)服(fu)務(wu)，提高競爭能力

中介(jie)機構是建筑市場中不可缺(que)少的(de)服務主(zhu)體，造(zao)價(jia)咨詢、標底編(bian)制等就是一種有償的(de)社(she)(she)會化(hua)(hua)服務。在目(mu)前條件下，我們要建立符合社(she)(she)會主(zhu)義市場經(jing)濟要求，自主(zhu)經(jing)營、自負盈虧、高度(du)專業(ye)化(hua)(hua)、功能完備的(de)社(she)(she)會中介(jie)服務組織，加(jia)強工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)管理，為工(gong)程承發包雙方提供最(zui)優質的(de)服務。

(4)提高企業素質(zhi)，規范(fan)承包行為

實行建設(she)工程招投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)以(yi)來，承(cheng)包單位承(cheng)攬(lan)施工任(ren)務(wu)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要方式是通過投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)取得。因此(ci)，我們必須規范招投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)市場。①建立聯合(he)辦(ban)公(gong)制度。由各級(ji)建設(she)行政主(zhu)管部(bu)門造價(jia)(jia)工程師(shi)負責，組成工程造價(jia)(jia)審定小組，組織招標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，各承(cheng)包單位不得以(yi)帶資承(cheng)包作為(wei)競爭手(shou)段承(cheng)攬(lan)工程，禁止私下授標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)，層(ceng)層(ceng)轉包。②實行工程量清單報(bao)價(jia)(jia)。規范招標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)投(tou)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)行為(wei)，做好工程量清單報(bao)價(jia)(jia)與招標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)文件(jian)的(de)(de)銜(xian)接。③嚴(yan)把概(gai)算審核關(guan)，加(jia)強(qiang)概(gai)預算人員的(de)(de)培訓考核，提(ti)高概(gai)預算人員素(su)質。

(5)適應市場發展，改(gai)革造價管理(li)

定額管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)一(yi)直是造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎(chu)。但是由于它(ta)所存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)某些不足(zu)，導致造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)落后(hou)(hou)。造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)應適應市場的(de)(de)(de)發展，適應建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)分階段計價(jia)(jia)(jia)，因(yin)此建(jian)立(li)全過程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)體系。今后(hou)(hou)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)重點應放在投資估(gu)算、設(she)計概算管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)上(shang)、放在價(jia)(jia)(jia)格管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)動態(tai)宏觀調控(kong)上(shang)。作為(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)主管(guan)(guan)部門除了要作好基(ji)礎(chu)工(gong)(gong)作外，今后(hou)(hou)還要大(da)力(li)發展工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)信息(xi)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)系統，抓好信息(xi)的(de)(de)(de)收集、加工(gong)(gong)、傳輸、貯(zhu)存(cun)等四個環節。建(jian)立(li)完善(shan)快(kuai)捷(jie)的(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)服務系統，為(wei)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)動態(tai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)提供有力(li)的(de)(de)(de)技術支持。