摘要：文章闡(chan)述了(le)(le)近年來陜西省(sheng)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)科(ke)技人(ren)(ren)才(cai)隊伍(wu)(wu)的(de)發(fa)展現狀，分析了(le)(le)陜西省(sheng)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)科(ke)技人(ren)(ren)才(cai)隊伍(wu)(wu)存在的(de)結構不盡合(he)理，行政化(hua)、空泛化(hua)、經驗(yan)化(hua)嚴重，后備(bei)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)不足，人(ren)(ren)才(cai)政策落不實(shi)等問題，總結了(le)(le)提升基層公益性(xing)隊伍(wu)(wu)素質(zhi)，發(fa)揮社會力量開展產業(ye)(ye)脫貧技術服務(wu)(wu)，實(shi)施(shi)農(nong)技推(tui)廣服務(wu)(wu)特(te)聘計(ji)劃，支持農(nong)科(ke)所(suo)（院）科(ke)研人(ren)(ren)才(cai)參與(yu)推(tui)廣工(gong)作(zuo)，強(qiang)化(hua)職(zhi)業(ye)(ye)農(nong)民培(pei)育等實(shi)踐經驗(yan)，提出了(le)(le)今(jin)后培(pei)育人(ren)(ren)才(cai)、吸引(yin)人(ren)(ren)才(cai)、留住人(ren)(ren)才(cai)、使(shi)用人(ren)(ren)才(cai)的(de)對策建議。

關鍵詞(ci)：鄉村振興；農業(ye)；科(ke)技人才；存在問題；實踐(jian)經驗(yan)

1陜西省農業科技人才隊(dui)伍發展現狀

近年來，陜(shan)西省立足特色現代(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)發展(zhan)，堅持問(wen)題導向(xiang)，大力推(tui)進基(ji)層農(nong)(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)推(tui)廣(guang)體系建設(she)，構建了(le)以公益農(nong)(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)隊(dui)伍(wu)為(wei)主導，以科(ke)研(yan)院(yuan)所、企(qi)業(ye)以及(ji)農(nong)(nong)民專業(ye)合作社等(deng)服務(wu)組織為(wei)補充的(de)“一主多(duo)元、多(duo)維一體、機制靈(ling)活、運行高(gao)效、全(quan)域覆蓋(gai)、服務(wu)高(gao)效”的(de)農(nong)(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)推(tui)廣(guang)服務(wu)體系，解決了(le)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術推(tui)廣(guang)的(de)“最后一公里(li)”問(wen)題，提(ti)高(gao)了(le)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)覆蓋(gai)率和(he)貢獻率，提(ti)升了(le)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)發展(zhan)水平。目(mu)前全(quan)省共有(you)各類農(nong)(nong)業(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)員39788人(ren)，其(qi)中科(ke)研(yan)、教(jiao)學人(ren)員6114人(ren)，占15.4%，農(nong)(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)推(tui)廣(guang)人(ren)員33674人(ren)，占84.6%，為(wei)陜(shan)西現代(dai)(dai)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)建設(she)提(ti)供了(le)人(ren)才(cai)支撐。但隨著脫貧攻堅和(he)鄉村振(zhen)興戰(zhan)略的(de)深入實施，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)才(cai)隊(dui)伍(wu)面臨數量不足和(he)素質低(di)下等(deng)諸多(duo)問(wen)題。

2陜西省(sheng)農業(ye)科技(ji)人(ren)才隊伍存在的(de)問題(ti)

2.1結構(gou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)盡合理(li)。呈(cheng)現“六(liu)多(duo)六(liu)少(shao)(shao)”，低學歷(li)(li)者(zhe)多(duo)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)學歷(li)(li)者(zhe)少(shao)(shao)，非專(zhuan)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)多(duo)、專(zhuan)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)少(shao)(shao)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)齡人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)多(duo)、年(nian)輕人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)少(shao)(shao)，一般型人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)多(duo)、領(ling)軍型人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)少(shao)(shao)，單科(ke)(ke)(ke)性人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)多(duo)、復(fu)合型人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)少(shao)(shao)，傳統(tong)(tong)學科(ke)(ke)(ke)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)多(duo)、新興(xing)學科(ke)(ke)(ke)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)少(shao)(shao)。全省涉(she)農(nong)專(zhuan)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)總(zong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)數的(de)(de)50%，高(gao)(gao)(gao)中(zhong)(zhong)級(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)30%。縣鄉農(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)，本科(ke)(ke)(ke)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)上學歷(li)(li)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)18.9%，大專(zhuan)學歷(li)(li)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)39.0%，中(zhong)(zhong)專(zhuan)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)下學歷(li)(li)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)42.1%；高(gao)(gao)(gao)級(ji)職稱占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)5.2%，中(zhong)(zhong)級(ji)職稱占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)22.0%，初(chu)級(ji)及(ji)(ji)以(yi)下職稱占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.8%。2.2行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)化、空泛化、經驗(yan)化嚴(yan)重。基層農(nong)業(ye)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)部(bu)門受編制(zhi)限制(zhi)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)嚴(yan)重不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)，經常(chang)借調農(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)門優(you)秀專(zhuan)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)，致使(shi)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)泛行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)化。農(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)門試驗(yan)田、示(shi)范地被不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)斷(duan)蠶食，農(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)辦公室內搞推廣，黑(hei)板(ban)上種莊稼(jia)成為常(chang)態。同時現有推廣隊伍的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)堅力(li)量受年(nian)齡、觀念、知(zhi)識(shi)結構(gou)影響(xiang)，多(duo)數人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)思維落后(hou)，特色農(nong)業(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)掌握不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)，靠(kao)經驗(yan)、吃老本現象(xiang)嚴(yan)重。2.3后(hou)備人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)。基層農(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)門收入(ru)(ru)低、待遇差(cha)，難以(yi)引進(jin)(jin)高(gao)(gao)(gao)水平人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)，加之(zhi)在現有人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)事(shi)管理(li)制(zhi)度下，進(jin)(jin)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)沒(mei)有自主(zhu)權，農(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)機構(gou)普(pu)(pu)遍成為安插分流人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)和關系戶的(de)(de)大本營(ying)，專(zhuan)業(ye)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)斷(duan)檔嚴(yan)重。隨著高(gao)(gao)(gao)校教育體(ti)制(zhi)改革，各地農(nong)校并入(ru)(ru)職業(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)學院(yuan)后(hou)，涉(she)農(nong)專(zhuan)業(ye)萎縮2/3，生源(yuan)減少(shao)(shao)近60%，傳統(tong)(tong)專(zhuan)業(ye)消失(shi)，生源(yuan)數量和質(zhi)量不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能保證，農(nong)業(ye)科(ke)(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)后(hou)備力(li)量不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)足(zu)。2.4人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)到有效落實(shi)。各級(ji)各部(bu)門出臺的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)和成果(guo)轉化政(zheng)(zheng)策(ce)普(pu)(pu)遍存在細節不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)明確、部(bu)門認識(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)統(tong)(tong)一、具體(ti)操作(zuo)難等問(wen)題(ti)。陜西省農(nong)業(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)推廣成果(guo)獎暫停評比，致使(shi)個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)激(ji)勵、獎勵缺乏(fa)有力(li)措施(shi)，影響(xiang)基層農(nong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)成果(guo)評價和職稱晉升。

隨著目標的提出，怎樣實(shi)現鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興(xing)擺在了全黨工作的重(zhong)要位置，鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興(xing)也成為學術界的研究熱(re)點。因此，本文嘗試從鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)振興(xing)視角出發，對玉林市鵬垌村(cun)(cun)(cun)進行實(shi)地考(kao)察，將(jiang)儀式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)相關理(li)論嵌入這一案例，選擇(ze)從兩個方向進行研究，即“作為傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)現象的儀式(shi)”和(he)“作為儀式(shi)現象的傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)”，剖析(xi)儀式(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)在鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)建(jian)設(she)中的表現和(he)作用(yong)。

理論基礎

儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念是(shi)(shi)(shi)美國傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)學者羅森(sen)布爾在(zai)(zai)1998年于(yu)其著(zhu)作(zuo)(zuo)《ritualcommunication》中(zhong)提出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，他將儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)”兩個(ge)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)。“作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)強(qiang)調(diao)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)(ju)有(you)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)活動，包括(kuo)正式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)非(fei)正式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)；正式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如宗教儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加冕儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，非(fei)正式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如鞠(ju)躬、握(wo)手(shou)。“作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)”則主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)強(qiang)調(diao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)大眾傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)。羅森(sen)布爾認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，“作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)”是(shi)(shi)(shi)就傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)而(er)言的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，并非(fei)指傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)所具(ju)(ju)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)本身(shen)成(cheng)(cheng)立所要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴格規則限定(ding)，而(er)僅僅因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)其具(ju)(ju)備儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或功能上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某些(xie)特征，如表(biao)演、象(xiang)(xiang)征、程序(xu)、重復、游戲等(deng)。總之，儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)強(qiang)調(diao)形式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)，注(zhu)重儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)象(xiang)(xiang)征意義(yi)對(dui)某種特定(ding)世界觀(guan)(guan)價值觀(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)描(miao)述和(he)(he)(he)(he)強(qiang)化(hua)。而(er)學者樊水(shui)科在(zai)(zai)其論文(wen)(wen)(wen)《從“傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觀(guan)(guan)”到(dao)“儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)”：詹(zhan)姆(mu)斯·凱(kai)瑞如何被誤(wu)讀》中(zhong)說道(dao)：“傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觀(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)提出(chu)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了抵(di)制美國傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過于(yu)功利化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)觀(guan)(guan)。”基于(yu)此可(ke)以得出(chu)結論，“儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觀(guan)(guan)”最大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別在(zai)(zai)于(yu)，“儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)”不(bu)像“傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)觀(guan)(guan)”那樣抵(di)制提倡功利主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)遞(di)觀(guan)(guan)”。考慮到(dao)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)涵(han)，在(zai)(zai)后脫貧(pin)時代，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)效銜(xian)接脫貧(pin)攻堅(jian)、鞏固發展成(cheng)(cheng)果的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)戰略，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)任務(wu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)實現(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)經(jing)濟與精神(shen)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)同步繁(fan)榮，因(yin)此不(bu)排除功能主(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)宣揚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功利因(yin)素(su)。所以本文(wen)(wen)(wen)選(xuan)(xuan)取“儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概念，從“作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)”兩大方(fang)(fang)向出(chu)發，論述儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)在(zai)(zai)鵬(peng)垌(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)表(biao)現(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)，反思(si)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)對(dui)人(ren)們日(ri)常生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。鵬(peng)垌(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)”表(biao)現(xian)(xian)鵬(peng)垌(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振興(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一個(ge)示(shi)范村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)，儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)化(hua)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)在(zai)(zai)其中(zhong)起著(zhu)不(bu)可(ke)忽視的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)鵬(peng)垌(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本篇論文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究對(dui)象(xiang)(xiang)，主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)原因(yin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)鵬(peng)垌(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)從一個(ge)籍籍無名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)莊發展成(cheng)(cheng)一個(ge)典型村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)，必然有(you)其成(cheng)(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗(yan)；該(gai)(gai)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)有(you)較為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)深(shen)厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史積淀(dian)、飲食、民(min)俗文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)；媒介(jie)長期對(dui)該(gai)(gai)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)進行報道(dao)，形成(cheng)(cheng)了媒介(jie)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。本文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究方(fang)(fang)法涉及田野調(diao)查，筆者生活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)玉林市距離(li)鵬(peng)垌(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)約7千米(mi)，交(jiao)通方(fang)(fang)便，具(ju)(ju)有(you)研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)行性(xing)。

“作(zuo)為傳播現(xian)象的(de)儀(yi)式”——鵬垌村的(de)生(sheng)活儀(yi)式表現(xian)

1.標語儀式：國(guo)家儀式下沉為民間(jian)儀式

實現(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)戰略目標(biao)，需要全民(min)(min)參與，更(geng)(geng)需要村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)具有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)治(zhi)能力(li)。該村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)充分考(kao)慮到(dao)(dao)這(zhe)一點(dian)(dian)，使用(yong)了(le)大(da)量(liang)標(biao)語儀(yi)式(shi)(shi)，把國家政(zheng)策下(xia)沉(chen)到(dao)(dao)民(min)(min)間，有效激(ji)發(fa)了(le)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心理認(ren)同感。筆者走訪鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)，鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)隨(sui)處可(ke)見鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣傳(chuan)語、鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)規(gui)(gui)劃圖。例如(ru)，與黨的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)策相關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宣傳(chuan)語“鑄(zhu)牢(lao)中(zhong)華民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)共同體(ti)(ti)(ti)意(yi)識”“不忘初心，牢(lao)記(ji)(ji)(ji)使命”“幸福靠奮(fen)斗，興(xing)(xing)邦靠實干”；關于鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)風文明建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)規(gui)(gui)民(min)(min)約“村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民(min)(min)防火公約”“鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)規(gui)(gui)民(min)(min)約”；鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)規(gui)(gui)劃圖“鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)土特色(se)試點(dian)(dian)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)規(gui)(gui)劃”“玉(yu)州區(qu)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)示(shi)范點(dian)(dian)鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)總規(gui)(gui)劃示(shi)意(yi)圖”。標(biao)語是國家儀(yi)式(shi)(shi)下(xia)沉(chen)為民(min)(min)間儀(yi)式(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外在(zai)(zai)表現(xian)(xian)，其將(jiang)宏大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)敘(xu)(xu)事巧妙轉換成(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)敘(xu)(xu)事，將(jiang)國家鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)戰略和(he)鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展規(gui)(gui)劃融合在(zai)(zai)一起(qi)，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)奮(fen)斗記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)。此外，標(biao)語是承擔著集體(ti)(ti)(ti)記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，也(ye)是構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種手段，承載著延續記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)職(zhi)責。如(ru)哈布瓦(wa)赫提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“集體(ti)(ti)(ti)記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)具有物質(zhi)客(ke)體(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)象征性符號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)雙重性質(zhi)”。在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里(li)，“集體(ti)(ti)(ti)”強調的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是在(zai)(zai)記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)被構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程中(zhong)，個體(ti)(ti)(ti)意(yi)識和(he)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)環境(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社會化融合。鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)與當(dang)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)產(chan)生連聯系，形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)再生產(chan)，這(zhe)種再生產(chan)具有讓過(guo)去“重新現(xian)(xian)實化”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，可(ke)以讓傳(chuan)統得以延續。逢(feng)年過(guo)節，城鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)標(biao)語建(jian)(jian)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異性，標(biao)語儀(yi)式(shi)(shi)帶給(gei)返鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)士的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集體(ti)(ti)(ti)記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶(yi)(yi)(yi)和(he)精(jing)神再生產(chan)作用(yong)更(geng)(geng)為突出。每當(dang)鵬(peng)(peng)(peng)(peng)垌(tong)(tong)(tong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)返鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)人(ren)看(kan)到(dao)(dao)有關中(zhong)華民(min)(min)族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)(xing)史和(he)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)莊發(fa)展史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)內(nei)標(biao)語時，都會精(jing)神抖擻(sou)，并燃起(qi)繼續奮(fen)斗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力(li)。

【摘要】我國鄉(xiang)村旅(lv)(lv)游在產業(ye)(ye)形(xing)態和(he)產業(ye)(ye)鏈條等方面取(qu)得了(le)豐碩成效，但近年來在推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)融(rong)合(he)(he)實現(xian)旅(lv)(lv)游高(gao)質量(liang)發展(zhan)中面臨著困(kun)境。論(lun)文(wen)(wen)分析了(le)安徽省(sheng)W縣鄉(xiang)村旅(lv)(lv)游產業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)情(qing)況，發現(xian)該縣鄉(xiang)村旅(lv)(lv)游產業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)面臨鄉(xiang)村文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)融(rong)合(he)(he)層(ceng)次(ci)淺、品牌競爭力(li)(li)不(bu)強、專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)人才匱乏以及政策供給(gei)和(he)資本投入不(bu)足(zu)的(de)(de)困(kun)境。論(lun)文(wen)(wen)提出在文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)融(rong)合(he)(he)的(de)(de)背(bei)景(jing)下應注重(zhong)發揮文(wen)(wen)化(hua)驅動(dong)作用，深化(hua)鄉(xiang)村文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)多元融(rong)合(he)(he)；擦亮文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)品牌，提升文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)核(he)心競爭力(li)(li)；培育文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)人才，強化(hua)文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)智(zhi)力(li)(li)支撐；加強文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)政策供給(gei)，創新資本引入的(de)(de)建議，多措并(bing)舉(ju)推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)鄉(xiang)村文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)融(rong)合(he)(he)，助力(li)(li)旅(lv)(lv)游業(ye)(ye)高(gao)質量(liang)發展(zhan)。

【關鍵詞】文旅融(rong)合；鄉村旅游；鄉村振興

1引言

1年(nian)“中(zhong)(zhong)央一號文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件”中(zhong)(zhong)明確(que)提出要(yao)開發(fa)(fa)休閑農(nong)業(ye)和(he)(he)鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)精品線路，鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)是1年(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)國旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)業(ye)最重要(yao)的(de)(de)關鍵詞。近(jin)年(nian)來，我國鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)取(qu)得快速的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)，但在(zai)快速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)背后出現了旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)產品服(fu)務質(zhi)(zhi)量不高、游(you)(you)(you)客文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化體驗(yan)淺等亟待解決的(de)(de)問題(ti)，從發(fa)(fa)達國家鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)歷程來看，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化和(he)(he)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)融(rong)合(he)是鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)歷史趨(qu)勢和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)方向[1]。W縣(xian)(xian)(xian)地處安(an)徽省(sheng)東北部、淮河中(zhong)(zhong)游(you)(you)(you)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)資源豐(feng)富：W縣(xian)(xian)(xian)民(min)歌8年(nian)入(ru)選第(di)二批國家級(ji)(ji)(ji)非物質(zhi)(zhi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化遺產，L湖(hu)濕地風景(jing)區和(he)(he)J湖(hu)景(jing)區2個(ge)(ge)AAA級(ji)(ji)(ji)景(jing)區，G山·Z澗、JH收藏館等4個(ge)(ge)AA級(ji)(ji)(ji)景(jing)區產。近(jin)年(nian)來，成(cheng)功創(chuang)辦(ban)L湖(hu)省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)特色旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)名鎮(zhen)，J鎮(zhen)安(an)徽民(min)間文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化藝(yi)術(shu)之鄉，1個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)研學(xue)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)行(xing)基地，個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)優(you)秀旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)鄉鎮(zhen)和(he)(he)個(ge)(ge)省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)(ji)鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)示范村(cun)(cun)。本文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)部地區淮河流域的(de)(de)W縣(xian)(xian)(xian)作(zuo)為剖析的(de)(de)典(dian)型，從理論和(he)(he)實踐(jian)的(de)(de)視角分(fen)析在(zai)融(rong)媒體背景(jing)下(xia)當前鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)背景(jing)、取(qu)得的(de)(de)成(cheng)績和(he)(he)存在(zai)的(de)(de)困境，探析文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)融(rong)合(he)助(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)產業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)路徑，對(dui)研究以(yi)(yi)鄉村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)助(zhu)(zhu)力(li)(li)鄉村(cun)(cun)全面振興具有重要(yao)意(yi)義。

2文旅(lv)融合的理論邏(luo)輯

2.1文旅融合的內涵(han)

摘要：本文以(yi)“民俗(su)體育(yu)(yu)”為搜索主題詞，以(yi)CNKI數據庫為研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)對(dui)(dui)象(xiang)，來對(dui)(dui)我(wo)國民俗(su)體育(yu)(yu)的(de)推廣與發展(zhan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)進行(xing)學術史梳理(li)。結果表(biao)(biao)明：國家對(dui)(dui)我(wo)國民俗(su)體育(yu)(yu)發展(zhan)與推廣的(de)重(zhong)視程度較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)，關(guan)于(yu)(yu)民俗(su)體育(yu)(yu)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)格局錯(cuo)落分布(bu)，但立(li)體化空間較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)；發文的(de)數量較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)，核心期刊(kan)較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)；政府的(de)投入(ru)力度較(jiao)(jiao)大，開發同質化現象(xiang)嚴(yan)重(zhong)；研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)的(de)人員較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)，團隊合作現象(xiang)較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)；體育(yu)(yu)學科研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)，交叉學科研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)；理(li)論研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo)(duo)，系統性梳理(li)較(jiao)(jiao)少(shao)。中(zhong)華(hua)民俗(su)體育(yu)(yu)是民族深厚的(de)文化積累(lei)，也(ye)是民族獨立(li)于(yu)(yu)世間的(de)外(wai)在自信表(biao)(biao)現，其高(gao)質量、多(duo)(duo)學科融合發展(zhan)必將是未來發展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)心趨勢。

關(guan)鍵詞：民(min)俗體(ti)育(yu)；發展與推廣；影響因(yin)素

1、我(wo)國(guo)民俗體育發展(zhan)與推(tui)廣相關研究文(wen)獻動態

1.1、研究文獻的總體(ti)數(shu)量變(bian)化(hua)

本研(yan)(yan)(yan)究以(yi)“民(min)俗(su)體(ti)育”為主(zhu)題(ti)，來對所(suo)有研(yan)(yan)(yan)究進(jin)行(xing)相關的CNKI數(shu)(shu)據庫檢索，其(qi)中(zhong)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究包括(kuo)所(suo)有的學(xue)術期(qi)刊、博碩士論(lun)(lun)文、會議(yi)論(lun)(lun)文、圖書、年(nian)(nian)鑒、標準和成果，共獲取相關研(yan)(yan)(yan)究文獻2958篇（檢索時間截至2022-2-10，8:00），通過搜索發現學(xue)術期(qi)刊論(lun)(lun)文達(da)到(dao)2040篇，其(qi)具體(ti)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)趨(qu)勢見圖1。從(cong)圖中(zhong)我們能夠(gou)看(kan)出所(suo)有關于民(min)俗(su)體(ti)育的研(yan)(yan)(yan)究文獻，起始于1993年(nian)(nian)且從(cong)1993年(nian)(nian)的0篇逐(zhu)年(nian)(nian)成倍增加，2014年(nian)(nian)數(shu)(shu)值達(da)到(dao)巔峰，文獻數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)達(da)到(dao)了(le)289篇。其(qi)主(zhu)要原(yuan)因是國家在(zai)大力弘(hong)揚中(zhong)華民(min)俗(su)傳(chuan)統文化，保護好、傳(chuan)承(cheng)好、利用好、延續好中(zhong)華優秀的歷史(shi)命脈(mo)是當下(xia)的重中(zhong)之重。

1.2、相關研(yan)究(jiu)主要主題及次要主題文獻(xian)來源的圖譜特(te)征(zheng)分析

一(yi)、高校藝術設計(ji)學(xue)科精準扶貧的重要性和必(bi)要性

藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)設(she)計本身(shen)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)門(men)實(shi)踐性(xing)很強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用學(xue)(xue)科。這一(yi)(yi)學(xue)(xue)科特(te)(te)點決(jue)定了其必須面(mian)(mian)向(xiang)社(she)(she)會、服(fu)務(wu)社(she)(she)會。而服(fu)務(wu)社(she)(she)會就必須融(rong)入社(she)(she)會，深(shen)入到生產(chan)(chan)(chan)、建設(she)、服(fu)務(wu)、流通等第一(yi)(yi)線。中國社(she)(she)會本質(zhi)上依然(ran)(ran)(ran)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)個農耕文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)明體。據調查改革(ge)開放初期，中國約12億(yi)人口，其中9億(yi)是(shi)農民(min)，占到75%。經過(guo)四十年改革(ge)開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)大發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，現(xian)在近14億(yi)人口，依然(ran)(ran)(ran)有9億(yi)農民(min)，占到64%而且，這些農民(min)，他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)意識，思(si)(si)維方(fang)式，生活(huo)方(fang)式，生產(chan)(chan)(chan)方(fang)式，人際(ji)倫理(li)結構，和(he)幾百年前，幾千年前，并(bing)無本質(zhi)區(qu)別。而城(cheng)市(shi)人口，絕大多數也(ye)是(shi)通過(guo)近代(dai)(dai)農民(min)進城(cheng)務(wu)工(gong)，或者考學(xue)(xue)、參(can)軍(jun)等途(tu)徑來(lai)到城(cheng)市(shi)。他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)意識、思(si)(si)維方(fang)式，價值觀等，也(ye)依然(ran)(ran)(ran)保留著農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)烙(luo)印。這些根深(shen)蒂固(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)落后觀念，尤其是(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)觀念的(de)(de)(de)(de)落后，是(shi)當(dang)前制(zhi)約貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)困(kun)(kun)地(di)區(qu)經濟(ji)(ji)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)原因。從(cong)大體上來(lai)說(shuo)，農民(min)思(si)(si)想(xiang)(xiang)落后、觀念陳舊、陋習嚴重(zhong)、惰性(xing)也(ye)很大，加之文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)欠(qian)缺(que)、自(zi)(zi)身(shen)造(zao)血不足，貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)困(kun)(kun)在所難(nan)免。高校藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)設(she)計精準扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)旨在從(cong)技術(shu)層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)和(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業層(ceng)面(mian)(mian)給予農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫助。技術(shu)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)同文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種漸進式的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)持續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)路徑，技術(shu)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)為文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)提供(gong)條(tiao)件(jian)。文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，從(cong)策劃(hua)到品牌(pai)，從(cong)資本到產(chan)(chan)(chan)品，從(cong)商(shang)業到農業，建立起一(yi)(yi)整套(tao)可(ke)(ke)持續的(de)(de)(de)(de)協(xie)作式社(she)(she)會創(chuang)新體系(xi)。從(cong)修復鄉村(cun)風貌、開發(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創(chuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業、吸引年輕人回鄉、轉變他們消極落后的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)觀念、增強(qiang)(qiang)致富本領(ling)和(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)自(zi)(zi)信始，到參(can)與掌握其經濟(ji)(ji)項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運作能(neng)力、法律政策的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)能(neng)力和(he)市(shi)場經濟(ji)(ji)適(shi)應(ying)（生存）能(neng)力，激發(fa)(fa)農村(cun)社(she)(she)會的(de)(de)(de)(de)內在活(huo)力終(zhong)。因此，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)是(shi)改造(zao)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)困(kun)(kun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、遏制(zhi)返貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)現(xian)象、阻止貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)困(kun)(kun)代(dai)(dai)際(ji)傳遞、提高自(zi)(zi)身(shen)素質(zhi)、增強(qiang)(qiang)自(zi)(zi)我發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)能(neng)力的(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)鍵和(he)根本，[2]最(zui)終(zhong)實(shi)現(xian)“真扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)真貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、真脫(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)”。藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)設(she)計扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)是(shi)“技術(shu)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)”，但更重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)”、“技術(shu)扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)”，可(ke)(ke)以通過(guo)培訓、幫扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)、傳承和(he)挖(wa)掘(jue)非(fei)(fei)遺(yi)技能(neng)，使貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)非(fei)(fei)遺(yi)技能(neng)得到傳承、保護和(he)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)（往(wang)往(wang)是(shi)獨特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原生態文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)得以保存），保護手藝(yi)(yi)人的(de)(de)(de)(de)生存底線，促(cu)進自(zi)(zi)身(shen)造(zao)血功能(neng)，形成良性(xing)循環；另一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)是(shi)“文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業扶(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)”通過(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)資源IP的(de)(de)(de)(de)挖(wa)掘(jue)和(he)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)創(chuang)意產(chan)(chan)(chan)品研發(fa)(fa)繼而開發(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)創(chuang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業，這樣(yang)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與經濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有機結合(he)，更好地(di)服(fu)務(wu)和(he)推動經濟(ji)(ji)持續發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，遏制(zhi)返貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)現(xian)象、阻止貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)困(kun)(kun)代(dai)(dai)際(ji)傳遞，促(cu)進文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)旅產(chan)(chan)(chan)業以達(da)到鄉村(cun)振興的(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

二、藝(yi)術設計是文化(hua)扶貧的重要手段

設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是為了(le)人，人在本質(zhi)上(shang)是文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在物(wu)，人正是通過(guo)對自(zi)己(ji)生(sheng)存(cun)發(fa)展方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷設(she)計(ji)(ji)，社(she)會(hui)得(de)以進步。設(she)計(ji)(ji)才終將成為一(yi)種文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，而文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)也必然成為設(she)計(ji)(ji)之魂。近年(nian)來，中央密集出(chu)臺了(le)一(yi)系列與文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)相關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)指導性文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)件和法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)(gui)，對推動(dong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)，尤其(qi)是文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)事業扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)起(qi)到(dao)了(le)促(cu)進作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。如2015年(nian)12月(yue)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)部(bu)等(deng)(deng)七部(bu)委印發(fa)《“十三(san)五(wu)”時(shi)期貧(pin)困(kun)地區公共文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)服務體系建設(she)規(gui)(gui)劃綱(gang)要》，將文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)提(ti)升到(dao)前(qian)所(suo)未有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高度(du)；2017年(nian)6月(yue)，文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《“十三(san)五(wu)”時(shi)期文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)工作(zuo)(zuo)實施(shi)方(fang)案》中提(ti)出(chu)要發(fa)揮文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在脫貧(pin)攻堅工作(zuo)(zuo)中“扶(fu)(fu)志”、“扶(fu)(fu)智”作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。[2]文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，它包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)民族生(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種種方(fang)面(mian)。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)來說(shuo)可以概括(kuo)(kuo)為三(san)個(ge)方(fang)面(mian)：精神(shen)生(sheng)活方(fang)面(mian)，如宗教、哲學、藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)；社(she)會(hui)生(sheng)活方(fang)面(mian)，如集體組(zu)織、倫理道德、制度(du)法(fa)規(gui)(gui)、經濟(ji)關(guan)系等(deng)(deng)；物(wu)質(zhi)生(sheng)活方(fang)面(mian)，如飲(yin)食起(qi)居、風(feng)俗習慣等(deng)(deng)。藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)是文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要手段，當前(qian)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要做法(fa)是通過(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)業扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)。各地黨政有(you)關(guan)部(bu)門出(chu)臺了(le)相關(guan)政策以及(ji)下(xia)撥(bo)扶(fu)(fu)持資(zi)金，譬如通過(guo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)活動(dong)、電子商(shang)務、企業、非遺傳承等(deng)(deng)和農(nong)村農(nong)民農(nong)產(chan)相結合，實施(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)＋旅(lv)游開發(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)產(chan)業項目，帶動(dong)貧(pin)困(kun)戶脫貧(pin)取得(de)一(yi)定(ding)成績。

三、高校藝術設計學科精準扶貧面臨的主要問題(ti)

當前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現狀是(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)還嚴重滯(zhi)后(hou)(hou)表(biao)現在(zai)：（一）高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)體(ti)系建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)滯(zhi)后(hou)(hou)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)，近幾年有(you)(you)了較大(da)(da)(da)發(fa)(fa)展，逐漸(jian)(jian)建成(cheng)滿足社(she)會(hui)主義經濟(ji)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)用(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)體(ti)系，但是(shi)隨著國(guo)家號(hao)召鄉(xiang)村振(zhen)興(xing)、精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)，藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)在(zai)精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)上行動緩慢甚(shen)至(zhi)滯(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)不(bu)能(neng)滿足鄉(xiang)村振(zhen)興(xing)精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)所需求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)綜合性(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)培養(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)，專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)缺乏(fa)(fa)實踐(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)與交叉性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)融(rong)合。精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)面向(xiang)社(she)會(hui)、面向(xiang)農(nong)村貧(pin)(pin)困地(di)區(qu)(qu)解決有(you)(you)關文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)、產業(ye)(ye)(ye)振(zhen)興(xing)、農(nong)民(min)脫貧(pin)(pin)致富等(deng)問題，需要(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)資(zi)源整合設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)服(fu)務，要(yao)(yao)(yao)將單一、封閉、狹窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)服(fu)務，變為多維度(du)、復合性(xing)(xing)(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，因此給藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)提(ti)出(chu)了嚴峻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)挑戰。（二(er)）高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)師(shi)(shi)資(zi)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)急需提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。有(you)(you)些(xie)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)素養(yang)(yang)不(bu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)、知識(shi)(shi)結構單一陳舊、教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)觀(guan)念落后(hou)(hou)，對(dui)于(yu)精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)知識(shi)(shi)儲備不(bu)夠(gou)，對(dui)鄉(xiang)村振(zhen)興(xing)認(ren)識(shi)(shi)不(bu)足。其次(ci)缺乏(fa)(fa)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)術帶(dai)頭人(ren)(ren)(ren)。雖然教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)部強(qiang)(qiang)調“雙師(shi)(shi)型”但比例嚴重不(bu)足。產、學(xue)(xue)(xue)、研沒(mei)有(you)(you)落到實處。師(shi)(shi)資(zi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)實踐(jian)能(neng)力(li)(li)不(bu)強(qiang)(qiang)，很多教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)師(shi)(shi)沒(mei)下(xia)(xia)過企業(ye)(ye)(ye)也沒(mei)到過農(nong)村，只有(you)(you)理論知識(shi)(shi)，實踐(jian)能(neng)力(li)(li)缺乏(fa)(fa)導致教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)效果空泛，解決不(bu)了實際問題。要(yao)(yao)(yao)投(tou)身于(yu)精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)師(shi)(shi)資(zi)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)急需提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)。（三）高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)培養(yang)(yang)缺乏(fa)(fa)創(chuang)新(xin)。當下(xia)(xia)，藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產出(chu)與中國(guo)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)需求(qiu)錯位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狀況日益嚴重，鄉(xiang)村建設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)更(geng)是(shi)缺乏(fa)(fa)具有(you)(you)創(chuang)意設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)體(ti)系。文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)屬(shu)于(yu)創(chuang)意產業(ye)(ye)(ye)，藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)產業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)者(zhe)。然而高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)專(zhuan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)畢業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)(xue)生，由于(yu)知識(shi)(shi)結構單一、項(xiang)目(mu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)有(you)(you)限，顯然缺乏(fa)(fa)核心競爭(zheng)力(li)(li)。（四）高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)對(dui)非(fei)(fei)(fei)遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)保(bao)護和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展重視不(bu)夠(gou)。目(mu)前，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)對(dui)非(fei)(fei)(fei)遺(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)保(bao)護和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展重視不(bu)夠(gou)，甚(shen)至(zhi)完全沒(mei)有(you)(you)涉(she)及。即(ji)使扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)也往(wang)往(wang)流于(yu)形式(shi)(shi)，走馬(ma)觀(guan)花、淺嘗輒止(zhi)。非(fei)(fei)(fei)物質文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)遺(yi)產是(shi)中華優(you)秀(xiu)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)(yao)組成(cheng)部分，是(shi)中華民(min)族智(zhi)慧的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結晶，承(cheng)載著中華上下(xia)(xia)五千(qian)年歷史的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記憶。中國(guo)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)村落及貧(pin)(pin)困地(di)區(qu)(qu)非(fei)(fei)(fei)遺(yi)資(zi)源非(fei)(fei)(fei)常豐富、區(qu)(qu)域分布廣，其復合性(xing)(xing)(xing)、神秘(mi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、特異(yi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)、原真性(xing)(xing)(xing)等(deng)特質明(ming)顯，具有(you)(you)巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開發(fa)(fa)潛質和(he)(he)優(you)勢。非(fei)(fei)(fei)遺(yi)項(xiang)目(mu)或產品(pin)是(shi)可以作為特色(se)文(wen)(wen)創(chuang)品(pin)開發(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)打(da)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，做的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)可以“點(dian)對(dui)點(dian)”精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)。從目(mu)前活(huo)態傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)角度(du)看，由于(yu)市場(chang)化(hua)(hua)程度(du)不(bu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)，一些(xie)老手(shou)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)乏(fa)(fa)人(ren)(ren)(ren)，逐漸(jian)(jian)形成(cheng)今天“人(ren)(ren)(ren)走藝(yi)(yi)(yi)絕”、技藝(yi)(yi)(yi)失傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危機。要(yao)(yao)(yao)留住“老手(shou)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)”前提(ti)就是(shi)保(bao)護好(hao)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)方法。還要(yao)(yao)(yao)保(bao)護中創(chuang)新(xin)。沒(mei)有(you)(you)創(chuang)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護沒(mei)有(you)(you)可持(chi)續性(xing)(xing)(xing)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)校(xiao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術設(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)校(xiao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)做非(fei)(fei)(fei)遺(yi)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)保(bao)護和(he)(he)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)工作，構建“大(da)(da)(da)師(shi)(shi)+工作室(shi)+項(xiang)目(mu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現代學(xue)(xue)(xue)徒(tu)制人(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)培養(yang)(yang)模式(shi)(shi)，并將培養(yang)(yang)傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、培訓農(nong)民(min)納入(ru)課程體(ti)系。要(yao)(yao)(yao)強(qiang)(qiang)調以人(ren)(ren)(ren)為核心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技藝(yi)(yi)(yi)、經驗、精(jing)神的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)態傳(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)，協助農(nong)民(min)主體(ti)走上產業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)致富之路精(jing)準(zhun)(zhun)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)。

摘要：特色農產品(pin)品(pin)牌(pai)建(jian)(jian)設(she)是(shi)一項復雜的(de)系統性工程。通過登錄(lu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)知網（CNKI系列全(quan)文數(shu)據庫），將獲取的(de)67篇(pian)文獻(xian)資料(liao)作為研究樣本，經過全(quan)面梳理，發(fa)現(xian)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)學者在特色農產品(pin)品(pin)牌(pai)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)研究方面取得了長足(zu)進展，但仍然存在研究成果(guo)數(shu)量偏少、總體質量不(bu)高、研究內(nei)容不(bu)全(quan)面、理論與現(xian)實相脫節(jie)等主要問題(ti)。在此基(ji)礎上(shang)，提(ti)出了關于我國(guo)(guo)特色農產品(pin)品(pin)牌(pai)建(jian)(jian)設(she)研究的(de)努力方向，希望為后續研究打(da)好(hao)基(ji)礎，做好(hao)鋪墊。

關鍵詞：特(te)色農產品(pin)；品(pin)牌(pai)建設；研究綜(zong)述

2018年中央一號文(wen)件指出(chu)：“深入(ru)推進農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業綠(lv)色(se)(se)化(hua)、優質化(hua)、特色(se)(se)化(hua)、品(pin)(pin)牌化(hua)，調整優化(hua)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業生產(chan)(chan)(chan)力布局，推動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業由增(zeng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)導(dao)向(xiang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)提(ti)質導(dao)向(xiang)”。2019年中央一號文(wen)件進一步提(ti)出(chu)“大(da)力發展(zhan)緊缺和綠(lv)色(se)(se)優質農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)，推動(dong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業由增(zeng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)導(dao)向(xiang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)向(xiang)提(ti)質導(dao)向(xiang)”。特色(se)(se)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)牌建(jian)設能為農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)帶來高溢價，增(zeng)加(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民收入(ru)，有助于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)提(ti)質增(zeng)效，是農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業轉(zhuan)(zhuan)型升(sheng)級的關鍵環(huan)節，成為鄉村(cun)振興戰(zhan)略實(shi)施的重(zhong)要(yao)組(zu)成部分。通(tong)過梳理(li)近年來我國特色(se)(se)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)品(pin)(pin)牌建(jian)設的研究(jiu)成果，找出(chu)問題和不足，明確今后研究(jiu)方向(xiang)，為后續研究(jiu)做好鋪墊。

1樣本概況

2020年2月(yue)11日(ri)，筆者登(deng)錄中(zhong)(zhong)國知(zhi)網（CNKI系列(lie)全文(wen)(wen)數據庫），以高(gao)級檢索方(fang)式，輸入“‘篇(pian)(pian)名=特(te)(te)色(se)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)’+‘篇(pian)(pian)名=品(pin)牌’+‘篇(pian)(pian)名=建(jian)設’”，共獲得70篇(pian)(pian)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)料。去(qu)除3篇(pian)(pian)新聞報道，將剩余67篇(pian)(pian)作為研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)樣本(ben)。1.1發(fa)表年份。經過統(tong)計，各文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)料的(de)發(fa)表年份詳見(jian)圖1。圖1文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)料發(fa)表數量趨勢線可(ke)以看出，我國關于(yu)特(te)(te)色(se)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)品(pin)牌建(jian)設的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)始于(yu)2007年，基本(ben)呈現(xian)上升趨勢。1.2刊物(wu)類型。在67篇(pian)(pian)文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)(xian)資(zi)(zi)料中(zhong)(zhong)，期刊53篇(pian)(pian)，占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)數的(de)79.1%；碩博論(lun)文(wen)(wen)11篇(pian)(pian)（博士論(lun)文(wen)(wen)1篇(pian)(pian)），占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)數的(de)16.4%；會議論(lun)文(wen)(wen)3篇(pian)(pian)，占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)數的(de)4.5%。1.3研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)地域和對(dui)象。從研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)地域看，既(ji)有針對(dui)全國范圍特(te)(te)色(se)農(nong)(nong)產(chan)品(pin)品(pin)牌建(jian)設的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)，也有針對(dui)重慶(qing)、河(he)北、山西(xi)、安徽、山東(dong)(dong)、河(he)南(nan)、廣東(dong)(dong)、四川、云南(nan)、陜西(xi)、甘(gan)肅、內蒙古、廣西(xi)、寧夏(xia)、新疆(jiang)等具體地區的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)。從研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)對(dui)象看，基本(ben)涉及特(te)(te)色(se)果品(pin)、特(te)(te)色(se)花(hua)卉、特(te)(te)色(se)蔬菜、特(te)(te)色(se)飲(yin)料、特(te)(te)色(se)糧(liang)油等方(fang)面。

2宏觀理論研究

摘要(yao)：隨著我(wo)國社會的(de)(de)不斷發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，加強(qiang)鄉村(cun)(cun)建設、實現鄉村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)(xing)逐漸成為當前階段黨和國家工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)重要(yao)內容。當前階段，我(wo)國農(nong)業(ye)(ye)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)會在長期發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)中逐漸出(chu)現了(le)繁榮的(de)(de)景象，帶動了(le)鄉村(cun)(cun)地區(qu)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)快速發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，但(dan)調查(cha)研究發(fa)現，我(wo)國農(nong)業(ye)(ye)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)會發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)仍然存在一(yi)系列的(de)(de)問(wen)題，限(xian)制了(le)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)會對(dui)于鄉村(cun)(cun)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)建設作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)發(fa)揮。為了(le)進一(yi)步促進鄉村(cun)(cun)地區(qu)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)建設，實現農(nong)業(ye)(ye)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)會的(de)(de)可持續發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，應結合鄉村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)(xing)戰(zhan)略的(de)(de)背景，重點對(dui)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)會的(de)(de)主題、內容展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)開思(si)考，積(ji)極融入文化、旅(lv)游、科技等內容，全(quan)方位、多角度地推動農(nong)業(ye)(ye)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)會質量的(de)(de)全(quan)面(mian)提高。

關鍵詞：鄉村振興戰略背(bei)景；農業展覽會；發(fa)展和建設；可持續(xu)發(fa)展

鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)戰略(lve)是我國黨和政府根據現(xian)(xian)階段的(de)基(ji)本(ben)國情(qing)制(zhi)定的(de)一(yi)項(xiang)重(zhong)大(da)戰略(lve)性決(jue)策，對于促進(jin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)地區(qu)的(de)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)建(jian)設，縮小(xiao)城鄉(xiang)(xiang)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)差距(ju)，促進(jin)人民(min)(min)的(de)共同富裕(yu)和實(shi)現(xian)(xian)中華(hua)民(min)(min)族的(de)偉大(da)復(fu)興(xing)有著(zhu)重(zhong)要意義。新(xin)中國成(cheng)(cheng)立以來，我黨始(shi)終將“三農(nong)”問(wen)題(ti)放在一(yi)切(qie)工作開展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)核心位(wei)置，積極(ji)加強(qiang)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)地區(qu)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和建(jian)設，將人民(min)(min)的(de)根本(ben)利益放在首要位(wei)置。推動農(nong)業(ye)展(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)會的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)對于實(shi)現(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)振興(xing)戰略(lve)，切(qie)實(shi)解決(jue)“三農(nong)”問(wen)題(ti)，促進(jin)城鄉(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)體化發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)有著(zhu)重(zhong)要意義，加強(qiang)農(nong)業(ye)展(zhan)(zhan)覽(lan)會建(jian)設成(cheng)(cheng)為農(nong)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)必然方(fang)向。

1落實鄉村振興對農業展覽會發展的作(zuo)用

1.1提高經濟收益

農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)展覽會(hui)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量和發展水平(ping)離不(bu)開鄉村(cun)地(di)區整體經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)發展，隨著(zhu)我國社會(hui)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)不(bu)斷發展，越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)展覽會(hui)開始(shi)融入(ru)鄉村(cun)文(wen)化元素，從商品的(de)(de)展示、展區的(de)(de)布(bu)置與(yu)劃分等(deng)方面融入(ru)對(dui)鄉村(cun)發展建設成果(guo)、歷史文(wen)化變革等(deng)元素，實現了(le)展覽會(hui)內涵的(de)(de)升(sheng)華，極(ji)大程度地(di)提高了(le)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)展覽會(hui)的(de)(de)吸引力，越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多的(de)(de)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和相(xiang)關專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)員參與(yu)到展覽會(hui)中(zhong)，為農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)展覽會(hui)帶來(lai)了(le)一筆可觀的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟(ji)收益。

【摘要】鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村旅游的可持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)是解決鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村旅游建設(she)(she)及發(fa)展(zhan)的重(zhong)要層面，有效利用(yong)可持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)理(li)論不僅能規范鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村旅游的規劃建設(she)(she)，還能促進鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村社會、經濟發(fa)展(zhan)。通過整理(li)近十(shi)年來中國知網(wang)（CNKI）中收錄的文(wen)獻資料(liao)，梳理(li)國內(nei)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)村旅游可持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)的研究概況，最(zui)后針(zhen)對研究存在(zai)的問題，提出建議與展(zhan)望。

【關鍵詞】鄉村旅游；可持(chi)續發展；文獻綜述

1引言

據農(nong)業(ye)農(nong)村(cun)(cun)部消息(xi)，2019年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)全國共接待游(you)(you)客約(yue)32億人(ren)次，收(shou)入8500億元。鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)正在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)以(yi)扶貧、富民(min)和滿足人(ren)民(min)群(qun)眾更美好的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活需要為切入點成為重要的(de)(de)(de)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)產業(ye)振興力量(liang)。以(yi)“鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)”為篇(pian)(pian)名在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)中國知網（CNKI）的(de)(de)(de)數據庫(ku)中檢索(suo)，近10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)來相關研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)文獻迅速增長，2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)篇(pian)(pian)名涉及“鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)”一詞(ci)的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)文將(jiang)近1.4萬篇(pian)(pian)，但當以(yi)“鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)可持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)”一詞(ci)為主題進行檢索(suo)時，近十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)僅有(you)1100篇(pian)(pian)，而改為以(yi)篇(pian)(pian)名檢索(suo)時，近十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)只有(you)647篇(pian)(pian)，說明我國關于鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)可持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)專項研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)仍存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)欠(qian)缺(que)。根據圖1不難看出，近十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，我國關于鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)可持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容僅占鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)總數4.6%，這在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一定(ding)程(cheng)度上反映出國內(nei)關于鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)可持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)專項學(xue)術研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)不足。本文將(jiang)對近十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)篇(pian)(pian)名中含有(you)“鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)可持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)”一詞(ci)的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)文進行梳(shu)理(li)、總結，以(yi)期找到鄉(xiang)(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)(you)可持(chi)(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)中存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)問題，對實踐指導(dao)的(de)(de)(de)同時，探索(suo)提出研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)和實踐發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)方向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議(yi)。

2基于政策方(fang)面的(de)研究

自2004年(nian)以(yi)(yi)來(lai)，國務(wu)院連續17年(nian)以(yi)(yi)“三農”為(wei)主題的(de)中央一(yi)號文(wen)件，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看出“三農”問題在我(wo)國政治體系的(de)重(zhong)要地位，因此基(ji)于政策方(fang)面一(yi)直(zhi)是研究重(zhong)點。孫琳(lin)[1]、張建[2]等(deng)基(ji)于城鎮化、城鄉(xiang)統籌(chou)的(de)背景，構建鄉(xiang)村旅(lv)游(you)可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)機制，以(yi)(yi)推動進一(yi)步和諧發(fa)展(zhan)；郭宏(hong)翔[3]、宋帥[4]等(deng)在全(quan)域旅(lv)游(you)視域下，指出鄉(xiang)村旅(lv)游(you)應注重(zhong)生(sheng)態、文(wen)化的(de)保護，促進產業(ye)融合(he)與(yu)聯(lian)動；張寧[5]等(deng)以(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)村振興戰略為(wei)指引，結合(he)河北省實(shi)例，探索鄉(xiang)村與(yu)旅(lv)游(you)結合(he)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)路徑，以(yi)(yi)實(shi)現(xian)鄉(xiang)村可(ke)持(chi)續發(fa)展(zhan)。

20世紀初復雜尖銳的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會矛盾已經隱含著(zhu)城鄉(xiang)利益分化所(suo)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)結構性沖突(tu)。中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)鄉(xiang)村社(she)會問(wen)題也(ye)開始萌(meng)生，盡管它距離(li)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)社(she)會關注的(de)(de)(de)焦點還尚需時日(ri)，但(dan)我(wo)們仍可從(cong)有限的(de)(de)(de)篇章中(zhong)體(ti)察到(dao)具(ju)有時代特(te)征的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)鄉(xiang)村建設理(li)論(lun)認識(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發端和(he)萌(meng)動(dong)。20世紀初，在西(xi)方開埠(bu)通商(shang)政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)的(de)(de)(de)有力(li)沖擊和(he)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)有識(shi)之士“以商(shang)敵(di)商(shang)”思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)推動(dong)下，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)“重(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)抑商(shang)”政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)最終為(wei)(wei)“重(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)”政(zheng)策(ce)(ce)所(suo)替(ti)代。在近代中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)思(si)潮的(de)(de)(de)起伏波動(dong)中(zhong)，重(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)主義的(de)(de)(de)倡導與(yu)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳(chuan)統重(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)思(si)想的(de)(de)(de)沖突(tu)在所(suo)難免，由(you)此引發了一場持(chi)續數十年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)“工商(shang)立(li)國(guo)(guo)”與(yu)“農(nong)(nong)業(ye)立(li)國(guo)(guo)”之爭(zheng)。雖(sui)然論(lun)爭(zheng)雙方并(bing)未有全面(mian)系統的(de)(de)(de)理(li)論(lun)論(lun)著(zhu)發表，但(dan)我(wo)們卻(que)可從(cong)散見于《申報》、《大公報》、《東方雜志》等報刊上的(de)(de)(de)言論(lun)窺見一斑，略得其(qi)要。在這場持(chi)續時間較長的(de)(de)(de)思(si)想爭(zheng)論(lun)中(zhong)，以農(nong)(nong)業(ye)問(wen)題為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)(de)鄉(xiang)村發展(zhan)理(li)論(lun)探(tan)討逐(zhu)步成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一個(ge)極(ji)其(qi)重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)論(lun)題，并(bing)由(you)此成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)整個(ge)20世紀中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)鄉(xiang)村社(she)會理(li)論(lun)問(wen)題研究的(de)(de)(de)濫觴。

晚清重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)(shang)主(zhu)義思(si)潮的(de)興起(qi)使(shi)傳(chuan)統(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)策深受沖擊，加之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清末(mo)商(shang)(shang)部的(de)成(cheng)立(li)(li)、商(shang)(shang)會(hui)(hui)的(de)興盛，終使(shi)社會(hui)(hui)發展的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)策偏(pian)移于(yu)(yu)“工(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)”一途。因此，重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業發展，強調(diao)以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)為(wei)本(ben)，就成(cheng)為(wei)20世紀初關注中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)鄉村問題(ti)的(de)有(you)識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士“不合時宜(yi)”的(de)理論(lun)思(si)考。當然，思(si)想或(huo)理論(lun)的(de)價值，向來(lai)不以入時與否(fou)為(wei)唯一評判標(biao)準，它所潛存的(de)長(chang)遠(yuan)(yuan)的(de)學(xue)術(shu)指(zhi)向性和(he)理論(lun)引導性，才是富(fu)(fu)有(you)啟示(shi)意義的(de)社會(hui)(hui)財富(fu)(fu)。對此，我們需要歷史(shi)的(de)眼光和(he)卓識的(de)遠(yuan)(yuan)見(jian)。早在(zai)1901年(nian)，張之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洞等(deng)人即(ji)在(zai)《江楚兩(liang)制軍條陳(chen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)折》中(zhong)(zhong)指(zhi)出：“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)立(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，蓋以中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)廣(guang)大(da)，氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)和(he)，遠(yuan)(yuan)勝(sheng)歐洲(zhou)，于(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)最宜(yi)，故漢人有(you)天下(xia)大(da)利(li)必(bi)歸(gui)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)說，夫富(fu)(fu)民(min)足國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道，以多出土(tu)貨(huo)為(wei)要義。無(wu)(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)以為(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)，則工(gong)(gong)無(wu)(wu)所施，商(shang)(shang)無(wu)(wu)可(ke)運(yun)。”①1902年(nian)，湖北巡撫等(deng)人分別指(zhi)出：“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)桑(sang)(sang)為(wei)立(li)(li)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)經，衣食乃(nai)(nai)養民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具。”②“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)桑(sang)(sang)為(wei)立(li)(li)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)，衣食乃(nai)(nai)養民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)具。”③1904年(nian)《申報》刊載《廣(guang)蠶桑(sang)(sang)以興利(li)說》一文(wen)，作者亦(yi)認為(wei)，“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)肥沃，氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)溫(wen)和(he)，自古以來(lai)，以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)立(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，上之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)取給于(yu)(yu)民(min)與夫民(min)間之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一切日用(yong)，無(wu)(wu)不仰賴(lai)于(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”④，因此主(zhu)張“廣(guang)蠶桑(sang)(sang)以興利(li)”。1906年(nian)，《美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)主(zhu)義》一文(wen)的(de)譯(yi)者亦(yi)認為(wei)：“夫中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也，乃(nai)(nai)士夫之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)議論(lun)，徒趨重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)，可(ke)謂失其(qi)本(ben)矣，要而(er)言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，一國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人當知(zhi)本(ben)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)(di)理。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以大(da)陸國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，宜(yi)立(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)于(yu)(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)，乃(nai)(nai)美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比，非(fei)英(ying)與日本(ben)島國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)比，奈何(he)浮慕他人而(er)襲其(qi)皮毛乎？”⑤1907年(nian)，直(zhi)隸省農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)會(hui)(hui)會(hui)(hui)長(chang)在(zai)一篇演說詞中(zhong)(zhong)，再次強調(diao)了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業在(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要地(di)(di)(di)位：“夫吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)自庚子議款，驟失巨額，世人始注重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實業。然補救稍(shao)遲，路(lu)礦之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)權利(li)既失而(er)不可(ke)復(fu)收，工(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)又非(fei)可(ke)猝致(zhi)興盛，惟農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業則吾(wu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)固有(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物，且屬內政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)完全(quan)無(wu)(wu)缺，依生(sheng)計學(xue)論(lun)，土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)則廣(guang)漠(mo)也，傭值則低減也。”⑥中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)(li)伊始，財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)部長(chang)陳(chen)錦(jin)濤即(ji)在(zai)一篇呈文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)闡述(shu)了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)林在(zai)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家強盛中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要地(di)(di)(di)位：“竊(qie)維立(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道，以民(min)為(wei)本(ben)，養民(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法，惟食為(wei)天。

曠觀(guan)(guan)古(gu)今(jin)(jin)，縱覽(lan)宇宙，國(guo)(guo)勢之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)(qiang)弱，商(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng)衰，恒視乎(hu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)興(xing)廢(fei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)準。是(shi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)古(gu)圣教民(min)(min)首言足食(shi)，列強(qiang)(qiang)富國(guo)(guo)，先重(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)林。”⑦關注中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)改良和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)有(you)識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士并(bing)沒(mei)有(you)將討(tao)(tao)論(lun)(lun)(lun)僅僅限制(zhi)在(zai)業(ye)(ye)(ye)緣方面單向(xiang)度(du)(du)地強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)性，而(er)(er)是(shi)進(jin)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步(bu)從(cong)(cong)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)上(shang)探討(tao)(tao)了如(ru)何(he)發(fa)(fa)揮農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)基礎性地位的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，振(zhen)(zhen)興(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村，不僅要(yao)(yao)盡地力(li)、濟貧(pin)困，而(er)(er)且(qie)要(yao)(yao)修農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。早在(zai)1901年(nian)羅(luo)振(zhen)(zhen)玉就提出(chu)“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)要(yao)(yao)領約為(wei)(wei)(wei)九端”，即“設(she)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)官(guan)”、“考(kao)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事”、“獎墾荒”、“勵(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)”、“興(xing)林利”、“興(xing)牧利”、“興(xing)海利”、“興(xing)制(zhi)造”、“立(li)賽會(hui)(hui)”⑧。同年(nian)，張之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洞等(deng)人(ren)亦強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)：“今(jin)(jin)日(ri)欲(yu)圖本富，首在(zai)修農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。”⑨1912年(nian)，《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)促進(jin)會(hui)(hui)緣起》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)亦認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“粵稽史籍，橫覽(lan)環球，未(wei)有(you)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)不修，而(er)(er)工商(shang)能(neng)(neng)臻發(fa)(fa)達，國(guo)(guo)族能(neng)(neng)躋強(qiang)(qiang)盛(sheng)者也。”瑏瑠(liu)要(yao)(yao)修農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，就需(xu)要(yao)(yao)培(pei)養大(da)批農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)才，因此(ci)(ci)，興(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)也就必不可(ke)少(shao)了。張之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)洞等(deng)人(ren)在(zai)奏(zou)折(zhe)中(zhong)指(zhi)出(chu)：“欲(yu)修農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，必先興(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)。”瑏瑡《興(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)議》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)也認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“故今(jin)(jin)日(ri)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)欲(yu)行(xing)西(xi)(xi)(xi)法(fa)，以(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)(tong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)學(xue)為(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)本，而(er)(er)興(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)尤(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)根(gen)本中(zhong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)本”，并(bing)將開(kai)(kai)學(xue)堂(tang)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)興(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)的(de)要(yao)(yao)點之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)瑏瑢。羅(luo)振(zhen)(zhen)玉則(ze)指(zhi)出(chu)：“凡百(bai)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)，悉本于學(xue)，而(er)(er)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)學(xue)，失之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)已(yi)久(jiu)，宜多立(li)學(xue)堂(tang)以(yi)(yi)(yi)造育(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”瑏瑣(suo)此(ci)(ci)外，興(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)會(hui)(hui)也成為(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)士思(si)考(kao)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個著眼(yan)點。如(ru)1904年(nian)，舉人(ren)侯殿英即依據商(shang)部的(de)奏(zou)折(zhe)提出(chu)，“國(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)民(min)(min)為(wei)(wei)(wei)本，民(min)(min)以(yi)(yi)(yi)食(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)天，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)會(hui)(hui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設(she)，固尤(you)為(wei)(wei)(wei)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)要(yao)(yao)務(wu)”，并(bing)擬具(ju)《山東農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)會(hui)(hui)試辦(ban)章程》32條，“此(ci)(ci)會(hui)(hui)宗旨(zhi)在(zai)開(kai)(kai)民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)智，聚民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)力(li)，通(tong)(tong)民(min)(min)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情，以(yi)(yi)(yi)期振(zhen)(zhen)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)務(wu)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)致富致強(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本”①。除圍繞農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)進(jin)行(xing)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)思(si)考(kao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)外，時人(ren)對其(qi)他(ta)鄉村問(wen)(wen)題(ti)亦有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)思(si)考(kao)，如(ru)有(you)文(wen)(wen)(wen)章專(zhuan)門討(tao)(tao)論(lun)(lun)(lun)了設(she)鄉官(guan)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)：“然(ran)則(ze)為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奈何(he)？曰(yue)惟有(you)仍復古(gu)時鄉官(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)而(er)(er)已(yi)。其(qi)法(fa)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)邑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地宜分(fen)城與鄉為(wei)(wei)(wei)二(er)。鄉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)萃者為(wei)(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)。今(jin)(jin)議專(zhuan)設(she)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)明農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)官(guan)。凡溝渠(qu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜疏浚(jun)也，田(tian)畝之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜稽查也，樹木之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜栽植(zhi)也，雞彘之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜畜養也，蠶桑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜推(tui)廣也，蔬果之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)宜講求也。各(ge)隨其(qi)土(tu)性所(suo)合，人(ren)情所(suo)需(xu)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)勸導，為(wei)(wei)(wei)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)督(du)責”②。顯(xian)然(ran)，能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)超越具(ju)體的(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事改良，真正(zheng)(zheng)從(cong)(cong)時代高(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)提出(chu)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)論(lun)(lun)(lun)說并(bing)不多見，因而(er)(er)，“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戰(zhan)時代”說的(de)出(chu)現，自然(ran)顯(xian)露(lu)其(qi)不同尋常的(de)意義和價(jia)值。《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)當務(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戰(zhan)說》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)作者強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)：“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)即以(yi)(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戰(zhan)勝(sheng)歐西(xi)(xi)(xi)”為(wei)(wei)(wei)“至要(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖，至正(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)”，認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)“中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)維新以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)，變法(fa)圖強(qiang)(qiang)，力(li)求振(zhen)(zhen)作，實為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)前途之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)轉機，但各(ge)人(ren)所(suo)主張之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策正(zheng)(zheng)不一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)端，有(you)謂(wei)(wei)須廣設(she)學(xue)堂(tang)者，有(you)謂(wei)(wei)須多營(ying)路礦者，有(you)謂(wei)(wei)須講求軍政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)者，有(you)謂(wei)(wei)須專(zhuan)重(zhong)工商(shang)者。四者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)，固以(yi)(yi)(yi)工商(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)急(ji)，而(er)(er)當務(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)急(ji)，尤(you)莫如(ru)重(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)。……為(wei)(wei)(wei)今(jin)(jin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)計，惟設(she)立(li)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)部，專(zhuan)事務(wu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)。歐西(xi)(xi)(xi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)工商(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)勝(sheng)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)，中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)即以(yi)(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)戰(zhan)勝(sheng)歐西(xi)(xi)(xi)，此(ci)(ci)至要(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)圖，至正(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)”③。對于洋務(wu)運動以(yi)(yi)(yi)來(lai)已(yi)成社會(hui)(hui)共(gong)識的(de)“商(shang)戰(zhan)時代”而(er)(er)言，此(ci)(ci)論(lun)(lun)(lun)可(ke)謂(wei)(wei)逆勢而(er)(er)出(chu)，雖然(ran)未(wei)能(neng)(neng)贏得(de)時論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)趨附，卻將“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”的(de)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)提升到時代高(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)，不可(ke)不謂(wei)(wei)遠識之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)。綜觀(guan)(guan)20世(shi)紀前20年(nian)間中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)鄉村發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)理(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)思(si)考(kao)，不難發(fa)(fa)現，其(qi)討(tao)(tao)論(lun)(lun)(lun)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)圍繞具(ju)體農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)問(wen)(wen)題(ti)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)開(kai)(kai)的(de)，較少(shao)從(cong)(cong)時代高(gao)(gao)度(du)(du)和發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)遠見上(shang)立(li)論(lun)(lun)(lun)。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)局(ju)面隨著此(ci)(ci)后鄉村問(wen)(wen)題(ti)的(de)日(ri)漸(jian)凸顯(xian)才有(you)所(suo)改觀(guan)(guan)。

20世紀(ji)初(chu)，有關鄉村社(she)會發(fa)(fa)(fa)展理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)問題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)探(tan)(tan)討是在(zai)晚(wan)清重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)思(si)潮(chao)(chao)和(he)傳統重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)思(si)潮(chao)(chao)相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)交織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)背景(jing)下展開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。自1901年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)初(chu)《自強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)說》④發(fa)(fa)(fa)表至(zhi)(zhi)1911年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間，見(jian)諸報(bao)刊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)討論(lun)(lun)文(wen)(wen)章日(ri)漸增多，其(qi)(qi)(qi)觀點大(da)致(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)并(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)論(lun)(lun)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)三大(da)類。清末重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)思(si)潮(chao)(chao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)慣性發(fa)(fa)(fa)展，使(shi)得(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)在(zai)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)討論(lun)(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)居(ju)于十(shi)分突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位。《開(kai)礦說》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)開(kai)宗(zong)明義(yi)(yi)：“居(ju)今日(ri)而(er)(er)策(ce)富(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，開(kai)礦其(qi)(qi)(qi)先(xian)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)乎”⑤，已將發(fa)(fa)(fa)展礦業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)置于重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要位置。《論(lun)(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)有振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)雖然(ran)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)士(shi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)應交相(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)，“不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)偏廢(fei)”，但實(shi)(shi)際(ji)(ji)上強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)仍然(ran)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位。該(gai)文(wen)(wen)指(zhi)出(chu)：“今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)稍通時(shi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)，莫不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)知外人(ren)(ren)與(yu)我(wo)爭(zheng)利(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處首在(zai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，欲(yu)與(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)敵，當求(qiu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)精。”⑥《興(xing)(xing)(xing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)說》一(yi)(yi)文(wen)(wen)指(zhi)出(chu)：“今中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)當握要以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)圖(tu)者(zhe)(zhe)，富(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)而(er)(er)已矣(yi)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)者(zhe)(zhe)，古今中(zhong)(zhong)外強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)大(da)關鍵也(ye)(ye)。上古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)牧業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，中(zhong)(zhong)古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，至(zhi)(zhi)近(jin)(jin)世則(ze)(ze)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盈虛消長，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)安危系之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，故致(zhi)(zhi)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)道務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)興(xing)(xing)(xing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。”“當知商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)興(xing)(xing)(xing)則(ze)(ze)民(min)(min)(min)富(fu)，民(min)(min)(min)富(fu)則(ze)(ze)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，富(fu)，強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)基(ji)礎。我(wo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)宜(yi)肩其(qi)(qi)(qi)責，蓋商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)無論(lun)(lun)巨細皆與(yu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家有密切之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)關系。”⑦與(yu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)，1904年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《東方雜志(zhi)》轉載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《論(lun)(lun)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前途》和(he)1906年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《申報(bao)》發(fa)(fa)(fa)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)宜(yi)求(qiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)》兩文(wen)(wen)，則(ze)(ze)具有更(geng)加濃厚(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)色彩。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，前文(wen)(wen)指(zhi)出(chu)：“今日(ri)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)實(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)競爭(zheng)最劇烈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)代(dai)，凡國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)乎大(da)陸者(zhe)(zhe)非(fei)(fei)極力發(fa)(fa)(fa)達其(qi)(qi)(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，則(ze)(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。”⑧后(hou)文(wen)(wen)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)：“然(ran)吾謂中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)將來(lai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，猶(you)諸美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)今日(ri)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。此則(ze)(ze)事(shi)有必(bi)至(zhi)(zhi)，理(li)(li)有固然(ran)者(zhe)(zhe)。然(ran)則(ze)(ze)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)實(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方針，其(qi)(qi)(qi)必(bi)求(qiu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)(er)后(hou)矣(yi)已。”⑨這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)并(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說也(ye)(ye)頗(po)(po)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)流行。1902年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)岑春煊等人(ren)(ren)即已認識到：“養(yang)天(tian)下人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)欲(yu)，給(gei)天(tian)下人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)求(qiu)者(zhe)(zhe)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)(ye)。四(si)(si)民(min)(min)(min)相(xiang)(xiang)需以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)生，相(xiang)(xiang)輔以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)，非(fei)(fei)惟泰西(xi)(xi)”瑏瑠。“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)富(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)，自應隨時(shi)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)”瑏瑡。1903年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)部(bu)奏(zou)(zou)請振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)折(zhe)》明確指(zhi)出(chu)：“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)三者(zhe)(zhe)各有相(xiang)(xiang)需為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)，本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)末兼資，源流斯暢。”1912年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)華民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)立(li)(li)(li)(li)推翻了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)數千年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)封建帝制(zhi)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)資本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展掃清了(le)道路。在(zai)民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初(chu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)頗(po)(po)有聲勢(shi)。此后(hou)，《勸工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說》、《饑(ji)饉之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)救(jiu)濟法(fa)》等文(wen)(wen)對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)有所(suo)申論(lun)(lun)。如(ru)《勸工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說》認為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)事(shi)，介于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)非(fei)(fei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)無以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)成(cheng)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)非(fei)(fei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，無以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)見(jian)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)珍。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)也(ye)(ye)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也(ye)(ye)，胥有賴于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)必(bi)矣(yi)”①。楊端六則(ze)(ze)斷言(yan)(yan)：“一(yi)(yi)言(yan)(yan)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)結之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)欲(yu)免除饑(ji)饉，非(fei)(fei)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)，茍能(neng)使(shi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)致(zhi)(zhi)力于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，吾信一(yi)(yi)二(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)復有如(ru)此艱(jian)巨之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)饑(ji)饉矣(yi)。”②這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)，仍有論(lun)(lun)者(zhe)(zhe)堅持農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)并(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)論(lun)(lun)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)關于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)四(si)(si)部(bu)分開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)頗(po)(po)值(zhi)得(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)。“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，猶(you)泰西(xi)(xi)各國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)也(ye)(ye)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)拘守數千年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)舊(jiu)制(zhi)，雖注重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事(shi)，然(ran)于地(di)土(tu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)肥磽，水旱之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)補(bu)救(jiu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及人(ren)(ren)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機器比(bi)較(jiao)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong)(yong)，均未有所(suo)講(jiang)求(qiu)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)余(yu)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)富(fu)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)善，通商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)利(li)，更(geng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)甚(shen)注重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，而(er)(er)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)可(ke)有可(ke)無者(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)(ye)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)貧(pin)且(qie)弱，其(qi)(qi)(qi)原皆由(you)于此。欲(yu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)富(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)計，非(fei)(fei)將農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)分部(bu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)，非(fei)(fei)將農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)與(yu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)與(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)分部(bu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)”③。近(jin)(jin)代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)義(yi)(yi)思(si)潮(chao)(chao)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)“商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)綱論(lun)(lun)”、“商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)興(xing)(xing)(xing)起，是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化或現(xian)(xian)代(dai)化取向(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適時(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)論(lun)(lun)。從19世紀(ji)60年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)洋務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)漸次形(xing)成(cheng)“商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)”到20世紀(ji)20年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)際(ji)(ji)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)時(shi)近(jin)(jin)半個世紀(ji)，雖歷(li)經數十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)社(she)會實(shi)(shi)踐，然(ran)其(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)“富(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)兵”為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)指(zhi)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)標(biao)卻仍舊(jiu)遙(yao)遙(yao)無期(qi)(qi)。民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)成(cheng)立(li)(li)(li)(li)后(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)局勢(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化并(bing)未給(gei)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)提供(gong)更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)軍閥混(hun)戰，局勢(shi)動蕩(dang)，民(min)(min)(min)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)聊生。現(xian)(xian)實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困(kun)境(jing)使(shi)得(de)“立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)爭(zheng)”開(kai)始向(xiang)有利(li)于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方向(xiang)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展。早在(zai)1904年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，直(zhi)隸總督(du)袁世凱即提出(chu)：“照得(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)富(fu)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)要政，而(er)(er)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貿遷，全賴農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)產，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)造，是農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)也(ye)(ye)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)根(gen)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)”④，強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位。同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)在(zai)奏(zou)(zou)折(zhe)中(zhong)(zhong)亦指(zhi)出(chu)：“商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)部(bu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)提倡土(tu)貨為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)要義(yi)(yi)，而(er)(er)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)(ben)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)，非(fei)(fei)先(xian)振(zhen)興(xing)(xing)(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，則(ze)(ze)始基(ji)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)立(li)(li)(li)(li)。”⑤1912年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)陳(chen)錦濤提出(chu)：“是以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)古圣教民(min)(min)(min)首言(yan)(yan)足(zu)食，列強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)富(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，先(xian)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)。”⑥總括這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期(qi)(qi)關于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)關系的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)探(tan)(tan)討，不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)難發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)討論(lun)(lun)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)清朝(chao)覆(fu)亡(wang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)斷限劃分為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)兩個階(jie)段(duan)(duan)。盡(jin)管每個階(jie)段(duan)(duan)均有農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)并(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)論(lun)(lun)，但其(qi)(qi)(qi)側重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點卻大(da)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)，前一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)優勢(shi)明顯，后(hou)一(yi)(yi)階(jie)段(duan)(duan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)稍占(zhan)上風。特別是1920年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)意見(jian)書》的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)表，標(biao)志(zhi)著(zhu)“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)”在(zai)未來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史選擇中(zhong)(zhong)開(kai)始擁有了(le)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)代(dai)意義(yi)(yi)和(he)價值(zhi)。

呂(lv)(lv)瑞庭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)意(yi)(yi)(yi)見書》開宗明義(yi)(yi)地(di)(di)提出：“欲(yu)振興實(shi)(shi)(shi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，當(dang)先立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)主義(yi)(yi)。欲(yu)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)主義(yi)(yi)，當(dang)審國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)情之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)如何(he)。”⑦作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)列出了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)、地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)、經(jing)濟、財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)計、軍事、風(feng)俗(su)、衛(wei)生(sheng)、人(ren)口(kou)(kou)等(deng)十(shi)大(da)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)。上(shang)(shang)述十(shi)大(da)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)又(you)可大(da)致歸(gui)結(jie)為(wei)(wei)歷史(shi)(shi)、地(di)(di)理(li)(li)(li)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)、經(jing)濟、習俗(su)與衛(wei)生(sheng)六個(ge)方(fang)面。呂(lv)(lv)瑞庭所(suo)歸(gui)納(na)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)際上(shang)(shang)包含其(qi)(qi)十(shi)大(da)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第三(san)條(tiao)和(he)(he)第七條(tiao)。具體言(yan)(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)(qi)一(yi)是儒家以民(min)為(wei)(wei)本(ben)，以食為(wei)(wei)天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)思想(xiang)(xiang)；其(qi)(qi)二(er)是現(xian)實(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)學說和(he)(he)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐；其(qi)(qi)三(san)是農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與軍事關系(xi)密(mi)切。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟方(fang)面理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)際上(shang)(shang)包括經(jing)濟、財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、統(tong)(tong)(tong)計和(he)(he)人(ren)口(kou)(kou)四(si)個(ge)方(fang)面，為(wei)(wei)作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)論(lun)(lun)述重點(dian)(dian)(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)，“經(jing)濟上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)第四(si)”首先指出一(yi)個(ge)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，以使其(qi)(qi)土(tu)地(di)(di)發(fa)(fa)達(da)為(wei)(wei)要(yao)素(su)，繼而(er)以美國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、丹麥因農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)而(er)日(ri)漸富強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)依據，論(lun)(lun)證了(le)“凡以工商立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)，雖富強甚(shen)易，而(er)維持較難，以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)者(zhe)(zhe)，雖進步較遲，而(er)基礎(chu)甚(shen)固(gu)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)(lun)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。“財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)第五(wu)”認為(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家財政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)取于租稅，而(er)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)租稅之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來源，大(da)半(ban)為(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產物(wu)，“今日(ri)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)尚(shang)(shang)(shang)幼稚，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)未發(fa)(fa)達(da)……除注(zhu)重農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，培養稅源外(wai)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)無他策”⑧。“統(tong)(tong)(tong)計上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)第六”指出中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)選擇以工商立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)還(huan)是以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)桑(sang)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，“不僅憑(ping)高尚(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)想(xiang)(xiang)，尚(shang)(shang)(shang)可求諸普通(tong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事實(shi)(shi)(shi)”，為(wei)(wei)此，作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)從(cong)歐(ou)洲谷物(wu)生(sheng)產及(ji)消費統(tong)(tong)(tong)計、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產物(wu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)輸出額、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)五(wu)大(da)商品（豆類、棉花(hua)、種子(zi)、茶(cha)葉、生(sheng)絲）為(wei)(wei)世界的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)必(bi)需(xu)品、中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)產在(zai)世界之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)位置(zhi)等(deng)四(si)個(ge)方(fang)面，用大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)(tong)(tong)計數(shu)據和(he)(he)表格，論(lun)(lun)證了(le)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)論(lun)(lun)是建立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)在(zai)大(da)量事實(shi)(shi)(shi)基礎(chu)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，是符合中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)(shi)(shi)際的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。“人(ren)口(kou)(kou)上(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)第十(shi)”論(lun)(lun)述了(le)“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)可以增加人(ren)口(kou)(kou)”、“農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)可以配置(zhi)人(ren)口(kou)(kou)”兩個(ge)觀點(dian)(dian)(dian)。呂(lv)(lv)瑞庭對農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)習俗(su)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)論(lun)(lun)述亦頗為(wei)(wei)周(zhou)詳。他引用管仲“禮儀廉恥，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)四(si)維，四(si)維不張，國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)乃滅亡”、“倉廩實(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)知(zhi)禮節，衣(yi)食足(zu)而(er)知(zhi)榮辱”等(deng)名言(yan)(yan)，結(jie)合古(gu)今中(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)(shi)例，認為(wei)(wei)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)可以挽回(hui)孝道，培養道德，“通(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)外(wai)，亙古(gu)今，無有(you)(you)乎弗同，無有(you)(you)乎或變(bian)者(zhe)(zhe)也”①。具體而(er)言(yan)(yan)，農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)對風(feng)俗(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響主要(yao)包括“獎勵孝道”、“獎勵勤儉”、“獎勵儲蓄”、“養成保守之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性質(zhi)”、“養成溫和(he)(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性質(zhi)”、“養成切實(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性質(zhi)”、“養成美術之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思想(xiang)(xiang)”、“養成高尚(shang)(shang)(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)格”。在(zai)詳述農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種種理(li)(li)(li)由(you)(you)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，呂(lv)(lv)瑞庭以日(ri)本(ben)大(da)阪(ban)《朝日(ri)新(xin)聞》所(suo)載德國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)救濟政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，簡短(duan)地(di)(di)對全書進行(xing)了(le)總結(jie)：“德國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)失敗之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，尚(shang)(shang)(shang)欲(yu)以農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)為(wei)(wei)救國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，豈可天然大(da)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)，貧而(er)且弱，不注(zhu)重農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)，以為(wei)(wei)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)本(ben)。今之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)談國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)是者(zhe)(zhe)，蓋(gai)于此加意(yi)(yi)(yi)乎？”②盡管《農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)意(yi)(yi)(yi)見書》僅三(san)十(shi)余頁，難以稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“巨(ju)著”，論(lun)(lun)證也稍(shao)顯粗疏，但(dan)該書縱論(lun)(lun)古(gu)今，其(qi)(qi)基于理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)與“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)情”結(jie)合的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)論(lun)(lun)證理(li)(li)(li)據，對于近代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)立(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)理(li)(li)(li)論(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢討和(he)(he)發(fa)(fa)展路向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇，無疑具有(you)(you)典型意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)(yi)，從(cong)某種意(yi)(yi)(yi)義(yi)(yi)而(er)言(yan)(yan)，它(ta)形成了(le)其(qi)(qi)后(hou)鄉村建設思想(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)歷史(shi)(shi)起點(dian)(dian)(dian)，應引起我(wo)們(men)足(zu)夠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重視。

在20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)初期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“立(li)(li)國之爭”中(zhong)(zhong)，大致形(xing)成(cheng)了工(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)為(wei)本論(lun)(lun)(lun)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)商(shang)并(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)論(lun)(lun)(lun)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)為(wei)本論(lun)(lun)(lun)三(san)種主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)。到20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)二三(san)十年代(dai)(dai)(dai)，這一爭論(lun)(lun)(lun)仍在繼續(xu)，并(bing)同樣形(xing)成(cheng)三(san)種對立(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)吳景超、陳序經(jing)等(deng)為(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“都(dou)市(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)論(lun)(lun)(lun)”者(zhe)(zhe)，極力主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)通(tong)過發(fa)展(zhan)都(dou)市(shi)(shi)以(yi)救濟(ji)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村。以(yi)梁(liang)漱溟等(deng)為(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鄉村建(jian)設派(pai)主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)通(tong)過發(fa)展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村以(yi)救濟(ji)都(dou)市(shi)(shi)，以(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)與農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國社會改造的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)。以(yi)常燕生、董(dong)時進(jin)、許仕廉、鄧飛黃為(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)和(he)(he)論(lun)(lun)(lun)者(zhe)(zhe)則主(zhu)(zhu)張(zhang)(zhang)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)并(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)40年代(dai)(dai)(dai)初，“立(li)(li)國之爭”又被(bei)作為(wei)“一個陳舊(jiu)問題”“重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)提(ti)起”，形(xing)成(cheng)了農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)立(li)(li)國派(pai)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)立(li)(li)國派(pai)和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)并(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)派(pai)三(san)個主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)派(pai)別，圍繞(rao)著中(zhong)(zhong)國可以(yi)立(li)(li)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件、中(zhong)(zhong)國堅持抗戰得益(yi)于農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)還是工(gong)(gong)(gong)業(ye)、中(zhong)(zhong)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前途等(deng)具(ju)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題展(zhan)開論(lun)(lun)(lun)爭。以(yi)上事實充分(fen)說明，自20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)初到40年代(dai)(dai)(dai)，“立(li)(li)國之爭”在內(nei)容和(he)(he)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)上均有(you)(you)著明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼承性。盡管(guan)各(ge)個時期(qi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)爭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)側(ce)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)有(you)(you)所不同，但均以(yi)如(ru)何處理農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)、商(shang)業(ye)三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)為(wei)核心內(nei)容，分(fen)別形(xing)成(cheng)了農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)立(li)(li)國、工(gong)(gong)(gong)（商(shang)）立(li)(li)國和(he)(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)（商(shang)）并(bing)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)三(san)種主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)點(dian)(dian)。由于“立(li)(li)國之爭”貫(guan)穿于整(zheng)個20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)前期(qi)，在中(zhong)(zhong)國鄉村建(jian)設思想(xiang)形(xing)成(cheng)和(he)(he)發(fa)展(zhan)過程中(zhong)(zhong)具(ju)有(you)(you)極為(wei)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位，因此(ci)20世(shi)(shi)紀(ji)初期(qi)“以(yi)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)立(li)(li)國”論(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孕生，無疑(yi)對此(ci)后鄉村建(jian)設思想(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)及走向，具(ju)有(you)(you)十分(fen)深遠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響。

新疆(jiang)(jiang)南(nan)疆(jiang)(jiang)地區廣(guang)(guang)大(da)鄉(xiang)村通過(guo)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)特(te)(te)色(se)養殖(zhi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、特(te)(te)色(se)種植業(ye)(ye)(ye)，成(cheng)立專業(ye)(ye)(ye)合作社，搭建電商平臺(tai)，采用(yong)(yong)合作社+農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)+市場”等發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)模式在(zai)(zai)新農(nong)(nong)村建設的(de)道路上(shang)取(qu)得了重(zhong)(zhong)要成(cheng)果(guo)，實(shi)現了產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)。而扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)可持(chi)(chi)續(xu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)需要強化(hua)科技(ji)(ji)支(zhi)撐，需要加(jia)大(da)對(dui)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)困農(nong)(nong)戶(hu)和專業(ye)(ye)(ye)農(nong)(nong)技(ji)(ji)人(ren)員的(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)培(pei)訓，延(yan)長產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈，提高(gao)(gao)(gao)附加(jia)值；另(ling)外還(huan)要注重(zhong)(zhong)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)與“互聯網＋”、大(da)數據等高(gao)(gao)(gao)新信息技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)結合。農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)碩士研究生作為農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應用(yong)(yong)、開發(fa)(fa)(fa)及推廣(guang)(guang)，農(nong)(nong)村發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)教育等領域具有(you)綜合職業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)能(neng)的(de)應用(yong)(yong)型、復合型高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)人(ren)才(cai)，在(zai)(zai)鞏固脫貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)的(de)前期成(cheng)果(guo)以及更(geng)好(hao)(hao)地促進(jin)脫貧(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)作的(de)可持(chi)(chi)續(xu)性方面必將發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。通過(guo)對(dui)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)碩士研究生助力脫貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)實(shi)踐的(de)分析，探究農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)碩士高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)次(ci)(ci)人(ren)才(cai)在(zai)(zai)助力產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)扶(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)程(cheng)過(guo)程(cheng)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)的(de)一(yi)些問題，并提出(chu)了一(yi)些發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)建議(yi)，以期農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)碩士高(gao)(gao)(gao)層(ceng)人(ren)才(cai)能(neng)夠在(zai)(zai)脫貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)和新農(nong)(nong)村建設中發(fa)(fa)(fa)揮(hui)更(geng)好(hao)(hao)的(de)推動作用(yong)(yong)。

1校(xiao)研究生(sheng)學術論壇設立農(nong)業碩士科技(ji)扶(fu)貧分論壇

學(xue)(xue)校每(mei)年均開展研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)學(xue)(xue)術(shu)(shu)論(lun)壇活動，征(zheng)集相關論(lun)文，評選獲(huo)獎論(lun)文。該(gai)(gai)活動在學(xue)(xue)校研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)教育當中(zhong)影響(xiang)廣泛(fan)，參與(yu)性極(ji)高。通(tong)過該(gai)(gai)論(lun)壇設(she)(she)立扶貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堅分論(lun)壇，引導廣大農(nong)業(ye)碩(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)聚焦和(he)了解(jie)(jie)當地(di)的(de)扶貧(pin)(pin)(pin)工作(zuo)，了解(jie)(jie)當地(di)的(de)特(te)(te)色產(chan)(chan)業(ye)、庭院經(jing)濟以及在發展過程中(zhong)遇到的(de)技術(shu)(shu)問題(ti)。通(tong)過扶貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堅論(lun)壇，開拓(tuo)農(nong)業(ye)碩(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)思(si)路，促(cu)使(shi)(shi)他們積極(ji)參與(yu)到脫(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堅實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)，使(shi)(shi)自己的(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)更具有實(shi)踐(jian)應(ying)用(yong)價值，更能(neng)解(jie)(jie)決生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)實(shi)際問題(ti)。2020年學(xue)(xue)校共評選出(chu)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)生(sheng)優秀論(lun)文96篇，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)50%以上(shang)均為南疆特(te)(te)色動植(zhi)物、特(te)(te)色生(sheng)態環(huan)境(jing)、特(te)(te)色地(di)理環(huan)境(jing)等方(fang)面(mian)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)果(guo)，如何(he)將這些研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)成(cheng)果(guo)應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)脫(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堅產(chan)(chan)業(ye)，促(cu)進脫(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堅產(chan)(chan)業(ye)長效(xiao)持續健康發展，是一個長期需(xu)要解(jie)(jie)決的(de)問題(ti)。農(nong)業(ye)碩(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)作(zuo)為與(yu)農(nong)業(ye)技術(shu)(shu)推(tui)廣和(he)農(nong)村發展任職資(zi)格相聯系的(de)專業(ye)學(xue)(xue)位碩(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)，其(qi)(qi)實(shi)踐(jian)能(neng)力的(de)培養，產(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)(yan)相結合的(de)培養是其(qi)(qi)培養的(de)重要方(fang)面(mian)，通(tong)過設(she)(she)立農(nong)業(ye)碩(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)助力脫(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堅分論(lun)壇，可以促(cu)進農(nong)業(ye)碩(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)參與(yu)脫(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堅的(de)積極(ji)性和(he)主動性，促(cu)進農(nong)業(ye)碩(shuo)(shuo)士(shi)科研(yan)(yan)成(cheng)果(guo)的(de)轉(zhuan)化(hua)應(ying)用(yong)，體現其(qi)(qi)培養目標(biao)。

2設(she)置農業碩士助力扶貧創新(xin)創業項目

通過設置農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)士(shi)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，并提供一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)費(fei)支(zhi)持，激勵農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)士(shi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)生將科(ke)(ke)學(xue)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)、創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)思維(wei)、創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)意識與(yu)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)緊密結合(he)起(qi)來；通過項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)調動(dong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)士(shi)參(can)與(yu)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)實(shi)踐(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)和(he)(he)主動(dong)性(xing)，并在脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)實(shi)踐(jian)中提升農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)士(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)能(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)實(shi)踐(jian)能(neng)力(li)。本(ben)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)作(zuo)為(wei)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)專(zhuan)項(xiang)，必須區(qu)別于(yu)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)研(yan)(yan)(yan)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，對(dui)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)具體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)施要(yao)求(qiu)主要(yao)有(you)(you)以(yi)下(xia)七個方(fang)(fang)面。（1）項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)緊扣脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)，具有(you)(you)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)性(xing)、前(qian)瞻性(xing)和(he)(he)先(xian)進(jin)性(xing)，具有(you)(you)較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)前(qian)景。（2）項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)必須包含一(yi)(yi)定(ding)時間和(he)(he)次數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)技服務(wu)，項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)成員必須深入脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)第一(yi)(yi)線進(jin)行科(ke)(ke)技服務(wu)，并取得一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)濟效(xiao)益(yi)。（3）項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)類型應(ying)(ying)涉及(ji)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)相(xiang)關產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、農(nong)(nong)村庭院經(jing)(jing)濟、各企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)團場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)和(he)(he)急需(xu)解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)問題(ti)。（4）項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)題(ti)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分自擬題(ti)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)和(he)(he)招(zhao)標題(ti)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)申報前(qian)，學(xue)校可組織相(xiang)關的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)家帶(dai)領農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)士(shi)深入各扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)團場、農(nong)(nong)村、企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進(jin)行調研(yan)(yan)(yan)，了解當地脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)現狀，聽(ting)取各方(fang)(fang)面需(xu)求(qiu)，根據(ju)(ju)需(xu)求(qiu)設立(li)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)題(ti)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)，采取題(ti)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)招(zhao)標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，調動(dong)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)士(shi)參(can)與(yu)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極(ji)性(xing)和(he)(he)主動(dong)性(xing)。（5）對(dui)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)生創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)提供一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資金(jin)支(zhi)持，以(yi)促(cu)進(jin)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)生創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)創(chuang)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)能(neng)夠(gou)更好、更快、更有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)與(yu)當地扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)相(xiang)融合(he)。（6）項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)經(jing)(jing)費(fei)實(shi)行彈性(xing)經(jing)(jing)費(fei)，可根據(ju)(ju)各項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)團隊(dui)助力(li)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成效(xiao)和(he)(he)實(shi)際需(xu)求(qiu)進(jin)行分配，確(que)保(bao)脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連續性(xing)和(he)(he)質(zhi)量，確(que)保(bao)經(jing)(jing)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)理(li)使用(yong)。（7）項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結題(ti)和(he)(he)考核不(bu)以(yi)論文和(he)(he)專(zhuan)利等作(zuo)為(wei)考核指(zhi)標，重點以(yi)解決脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際問題(ti)和(he)(he)取得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成效(xiao)作(zuo)為(wei)評價指(zhi)標。高校應(ying)(ying)積(ji)極(ji)引導農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)士(shi)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究(jiu)生通過脫(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)攻(gong)(gong)(gong)堅(jian)(jian)(jian)創(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)帶(dai)動(dong)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)、智力(li)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)，將農(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)碩(shuo)士(shi)發(fa)展為(wei)推動(dong)扶(fu)(fu)貧(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技術(shu)升級，確(que)保(bao)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)持續健康的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)支(zhi)重要(yao)力(li)量。

 3建(jian)立農(nong)業碩(shuo)士扶貧實踐(jian)長(chang)效(xiao)機制(zhi)，組(zu)織(zhi)農(nong)業碩(shuo)士助力(li)脫(tuo)貧攻堅志愿服(fu)務活動