本(ben)文作者(zhe)：趙翔宇工作單(dan)位：山(shan)西省交通科學研究院

洞口施(shi)工原則及所(suo)采取的措施(shi)

(1)隧道(dao)洞口施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工必須堅持18字方針(zhen)(2)必須堅持采(cai)用弱爆破或人工、機械等開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)的(de)(de)方式，減少對(dui)圍巖(yan)的(de)(de)擾(rao)動(dong)。保護圍巖(yan)的(de)(de)完整(zheng)，充分利(li)用圍巖(yan)的(de)(de)自承(cheng)能力(li)。(3)洞口施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工前(qian)(qian)(qian)應做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好各項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工輔助措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好洞口修建前(qian)(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)地形、地質(zhi)條(tiao)件(jian)調查，提前(qian)(qian)(qian)采(cai)取措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)應對(dui)不(bu)良地質(zhi)災害；提前(qian)(qian)(qian)做(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)好防排水(shui)系統，尤其(qi)是(shi)含(han)水(shui)量大的(de)(de)地區以及雨季施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工的(de)(de)時候(hou)；盡量少開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)邊仰坡土(tu)石方保護好既有的(de)(de)植被，生(sheng)態環(huan)境；提前(qian)(qian)(qian)編(bian)制進(jin)洞專項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工技術方案。(4)要(yao)高度(du)重視洞口超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)支護和超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)預(yu)加(jia)(jia)固處理措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)：超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)支護主要(yao)包括(kuo)(kuo)管棚(peng)加(jia)(jia)固法、超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)小導管加(jia)(jia)固法、超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)錨桿法、掌子面噴(pen)射混凝土(tu)封閉法、抗(kang)滑樁等；超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)預(yu)加(jia)(jia)固中(zhong)主要(yao)指的(de)(de)是(shi)超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)預(yu)注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)，包括(kuo)(kuo)地表注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)和洞內超(chao)(chao)(chao)前(qian)(qian)(qian)鉆孔注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)。

進洞前施(shi)工(gong)準備工(gong)作(zuo)

(1)清(qing)表和(he)清(qing)除(chu)(chu)(chu)危石(shi)(shi)(shi)：進洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工前(qian)應(ying)將洞(dong)(dong)頂地(di)表范(fan)圍植被清(qing)除(chu)(chu)(chu)，特別是清(qing)除(chu)(chu)(chu)洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)上方有(you)可能(neng)滑塌的表土、灌木及山坡(po)(po)的危石(shi)(shi)(shi)。(2)做好截(jie)水(shui)溝施(shi)工：部分(fen)(fen)洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)地(di)表地(di)勢較平緩(huan)，大部分(fen)(fen)又處(chu)于溝谷，雨水(shui)經(jing)常匯集洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)，故進洞(dong)(dong)前(qian)應(ying)認真施(shi)作截(jie)水(shui)溝，以及時截(jie)除(chu)(chu)(chu)地(di)表水(shui)。盡早完成洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)排水(shui)系統。(3)按照設計(ji)要求進行邊坡(po)(po)、仰坡(po)(po)的放線刷坡(po)(po)，自上而下(xia)的開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)，不得掏底開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)或上下(xia)重疊開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)。開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)中對地(di)層(ceng)動態應(ying)進行監控量測。(4)盡早施(shi)工洞(dong)(dong)門端墻，防(fang)止(zhi)邊仰坡(po)(po)滑塌，避免落(luo)石(shi)(shi)(shi)對施(shi)工人員(yuan)和(he)機械傷害，損(sun)壞，確(que)保施(shi)工機械、人員(yuan)的安全。(5)地(di)表加固：根據洞(dong)(dong)口(kou)地(di)表表層(ceng)巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)風化破(po)碎(sui)情況，為了確(que)保隧道(dao)進洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工安全，在進洞(dong)(dong)施(shi)工前(qian)，應(ying)采(cai)取(qu)如下(xia)措施(shi)進行地(di)表加固。

單向進洞法

1工程概況

本(ben)隧道(dao)地(di)處鄂西南地(di)區(qu)，屬(shu)于(yu)亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)季風氣候，溫暖多雨、濕潤(run)多霧、雨量充沛(pei)，區(qu)內(nei)山巒疊嶂、溝壑(he)縱橫。洞內(nei)以(yi)Ⅲ、Ⅳ級圍巖(yan)(yan)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，地(di)質(zhi)主(zhu)(zhu)要以(yi)寒武系(xi)上統耗子(zi)沱(tuo)群灰巖(yan)(yan)、白云(yun)質(zhi)灰巖(yan)(yan)為(wei)主(zhu)(zhu)，中厚(hou)產狀，弱(ruo)風化。但是斷層(ceng)、溶腔、夾(jia)層(ceng)頻(pin)頻(pin)出現，節理裂隙較發(fa)育。本(ben)隧道(dao)全長2651m,分進(jin)出口掘進(jin)，進(jin)口里(li)程為(wei)DK238+669，出口里(li)程為(wei)DK240+300。

2破碎地質帶與隧(sui)道(dao)的(de)關系以及對施工的(de)影響

破碎地質(zhi)(zhi)帶是指松散地層、巖溶、斷層、軟(ruan)土(tu)地段、土(tu)加石、溶腔(qiang)等不(bu)利于隧道工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)的不(bu)良地質(zhi)(zhi)環境(jing)。在施(shi)工(gong)中發現，不(bu)良地質(zhi)(zhi)地段的變異是非(fei)常復雜的，設計文件提供的地質(zhi)(zhi)資料和施(shi)工(gong)方法以及防范措(cuo)施(shi)不(bu)可能完全符合實際情況(kuang)。

破(po)碎地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)會(hui)經(jing)常(chang)出現，如認識不夠，施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)安(an)排不合理，會(hui)造成塌方，這樣不僅(jin)會(hui)造成直接經(jing)濟損失，給(gei)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)帶(dai)來(lai)極大困難，而且(qie)耽誤(wu)工(gong)期，并(bing)且(qie)會(hui)帶(dai)來(lai)安(an)全(quan)隱患，甚至會(hui)造成安(an)全(quan)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量事故。因此(ci)(ci)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)不良地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)帶(dai)的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)必須制定安(an)全(quan)、穩妥的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)方案，采取積極、有(you)效的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，切忌盲目(mu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)。不良地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)發(fa)現一是(shi)要(yao)熟讀設計(ji)文(wen)件、掌(zhang)握設計(ji)意圖以及詳細的(de)地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情況(kuang)；二(er)是(shi)要(yao)勤觀察并(bing)要(yao)對癥下藥(yao)，因此(ci)(ci)，在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)中(zhong)，應經(jing)常(chang)觀察地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)發(fa)育情況(kuang)，必要(yao)時(shi)采取有(you)效的(de)輔助措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，如TSP、超前鉆孔、紅外線探水、地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)雷達(da)探測(ce)等超前地(di)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)預報措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。

3破碎(sui)地(di)質的(de)施工(gong)原則

摘要：結合某工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)案例，對(dui)大斷(duan)面單洞四車道(dao)(dao)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)采用的三臺階七步(bu)開(kai)挖工(gong)(gong)藝以及(ji)(ji)雙(shuang)側壁導坑(keng)工(gong)(gong)藝進行了(le)分析，總結了(le)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)要點，包括隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開(kai)挖施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)、隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)防排水(shui)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)以及(ji)(ji)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)二次襯砌(qi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)等，旨(zhi)在(zai)保障隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量。

關鍵詞：大斷(duan)面；單洞四車道(dao)(dao)；隧(sui)道(dao)(dao)工程(cheng)；施工工藝

對于(yu)大(da)斷面隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，要(yao)基于(yu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)現狀(zhuang)，并結合經濟(ji)技術論證，對施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)開挖等工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝進行選擇。大(da)斷面單洞四車(che)道(dao)(dao)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)的受力條件較(jiao)為復(fu)雜，其襯砌結構通常(chang)承受著較(jiao)大(da)的圍(wei)巖(yan)(yan)壓(ya)力。另(ling)外，在隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中存在諸(zhu)多施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)轉換，且開挖隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)會多次對圍(wei)巖(yan)(yan)造成擾動，極易導(dao)致圍(wei)巖(yan)(yan)失穩，甚至破(po)壞隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)結構。為此，必(bi)須把(ba)握施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝要(yao)點，有效保障隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)圍(wei)巖(yan)(yan)穩定和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安全。

1施工工藝

1.1三(san)臺(tai)階七步開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)。三(san)臺(tai)階七步開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)法(fa)對(dui)Ⅳ級隧(sui)道(dao)圍巖(yan)(yan)具有較(jiao)強的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)性。該施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)能實現(xian)(xian)對(dui)大型(xing)挖(wa)裝設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)充分利用(yong)，能大幅度提(ti)(ti)高施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)，并有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)減(jian)少(shao)臨(lin)時(shi)支(zhi)(zhi)護的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)本，從而提(ti)(ti)高隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)益。隧(sui)道(dao)洞(dong)口段通常埋深較(jiao)淺，且地(di)質狀況相(xiang)對(dui)較(jiao)差，巖(yan)(yan)層極易出現(xian)(xian)破(po)碎、風化等現(xian)(xian)象(xiang)，缺乏良好的(de)(de)(de)穩定性。為此，要(yao)嚴格遵循“早進(jin)晚出”的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)原則，先支(zhi)(zhi)護后開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)，及時(shi)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)襯砌施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)將(jiang)洞(dong)口有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)穩住(zhu)，并避免(mian)盲目(mu)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)。對(dui)洞(dong)口實施(shi)(shi)(shi)襯砌施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，實現(xian)(xian)簡支(zhi)(zhi)梁構(gou)造(zao)后，采用(yong)三(san)臺(tai)階七步開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)法(fa)逐步推進(jin)[1]。1.2雙(shuang)側(ce)壁(bi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)坑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)。雙(shuang)側(ce)壁(bi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)坑法(fa)，又稱為眼鏡(jing)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)法(fa)或者雙(shuang)側(ce)壁(bi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)洞(dong)法(fa)。該施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)主要(yao)是在隧(sui)道(dao)主體兩側(ce)對(dui)側(ce)壁(bi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)坑進(jin)行(xing)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)，對(dui)洞(dong)口段以及圍巖(yan)(yan)破(po)碎段的(de)(de)(de)隧(sui)道(dao)較(jiao)為適用(yong)。對(dui)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)坑進(jin)行(xing)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)，要(yao)避免(mian)直接或間接對(dui)圍巖(yan)(yan)造(zao)成(cheng)擾動。導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)坑斷面(mian)要(yao)近似地(di)保(bao)(bao)持為橢圓(yuan)狀，確保(bao)(bao)其周邊(bian)輪廓圓(yuan)順，防止應(ying)力(li)過度集中。在初期施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)階段，要(yao)選用(yong)掛(gua)網(wang)以及格柵鋼架作為施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)支(zhi)(zhi)護，及時(shi)開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作業，確保(bao)(bao)斷面(mian)及早閉合(he)，實現(xian)(xian)對(dui)圍巖(yan)(yan)自承能力(li)的(de)(de)(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)利用(yong)，對(dui)圍巖(yan)(yan)變形進(jin)行(xing)有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)控(kong)制[2]。另外，要(yao)針對(dui)圍巖(yan)(yan)支(zhi)(zhi)護結構(gou)構(gou)建(jian)相(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)監控(kong)測量系統，提(ti)(ti)高施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管理的(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)化水平(ping)，隨時(shi)掌握施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)動態變化，并合(he)理調(diao)整各項(xiang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)和(he)相(xiang)關設計參數，有效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全。雙(shuang)側(ce)壁(bi)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)坑施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)如圖(tu)1所(suo)示。

2大(da)斷面單洞四車道隧道施(shi)工(gong)實例

【摘要】基于隧道(dao)(dao)施(shi)工(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)內(nei)容，論(lun)文對隧道(dao)(dao)施(shi)工(gong)存在的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)風險問(wen)題展開分析，同時提出了隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)現場控制措施(shi)。通過研究可(ke)知，安(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)、施(shi)工(gong)質量管(guan)理(li)(li)是(shi)隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)建設的(de)核(he)心管(guan)理(li)(li)內(nei)容，為確保施(shi)工(gong)安(an)全(quan)(quan)控制的(de)可(ke)靠性，還(huan)應(ying)從隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)技術(shu)方案、人(ren)才培(pei)訓、現場組織管(guan)理(li)(li)等方面入(ru)手(shou)，持(chi)續(xu)健全(quan)(quan)隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)機制。

【關鍵詞】隧(sui)道工(gong)程；安(an)全風險；施(shi)工(gong)管理

1隧(sui)道施工安(an)全管理的內容

隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程是城市交通軌道(dao)(dao)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)、高(gao)速公路(lu)(lu)項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)、鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)建設項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部分。相(xiang)較(jiao)于普通的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)，隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程所處的(de)(de)環境較(jiao)為(wei)復雜，安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)較(jiao)大，所以(yi)在實(shi)際施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設計(ji)中(zhong)需(xu)加強安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)具體內(nei)容主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)集中(zhong)在以(yi)下方(fang)面：1）設置安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)目(mu)標。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位應結合隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設計(ji)、技(ji)術方(fang)案、安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)類別，靈活(huo)(huo)設計(ji)可參考的(de)(de)“安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)目(mu)標”，使施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員以(yi)此(ci)(ci)為(wei)導向，規(gui)范施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操(cao)作流程，抓住隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)要(yao)點。2）確定安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體。為(wei)使施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位有序地(di)完成隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)建設中(zhong)的(de)(de)開挖、爆破工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，相(xiang)關人(ren)(ren)員需(xu)提前進(jin)行隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)勘測(ce)(ce)、實(shi)地(di)測(ce)(ce)量工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，所以(yi)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)應從該(gai)階段入手(shou)，評(ping)估隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)勘測(ce)(ce)、現場施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準備、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)活(huo)(huo)動(dong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)，并制(zhi)訂科學、合理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方(fang)案。讓一線施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員能夠基(ji)于安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，樹立安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)意(yi)識，主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)動(dong)、積極地(di)防范安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)，并且能夠在隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期間快(kuai)速識別安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)，規(gui)避風(feng)險(xian)損失。3）安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)監測(ce)(ce)。隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)特殊性導致(zhi)其風(feng)險(xian)性較(jiao)強，因此(ci)(ci)，安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)監測(ce)(ce)同(tong)樣是隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)內(nei)容。相(xiang)關人(ren)(ren)員需(xu)借助詳(xiang)細的(de)(de)風(feng)險(xian)監測(ce)(ce)數據，識別、應對(dui)各類安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)，制(zhi)定出利于現場安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，從而保障(zhang)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)身安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，以(yi)及(ji)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場的(de)(de)財產安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，將各類安(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)風(feng)險(xian)損失控制(zhi)在最小(xiao)范圍內(nei)[1]。

2隧(sui)道施工存(cun)在(zai)的安全風險問題分析

2.1隧道施工方案缺乏針對性

摘要：太佳高速公路(lu)呂梁段建(jian)設管(guan)(guan)理(li)者，把隧道(dao)(dao)安全生(sheng)產(chan)作(zuo)為項(xiang)目(mu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)中之重(zhong)，堅持“安全第(di)一(yi)，預(yu)防為主，綜(zong)合治(zhi)理(li)”的(de)(de)(de)方針，牢固(gu)樹立“管(guan)(guan)生(sheng)產(chan)必須管(guan)(guan)安全”的(de)(de)(de)理(li)念，認真研究設計圖紙。詳細調(diao)查隧道(dao)(dao)地(di)形、地(di)質情況(kuang)，并經反復論(lun)證，有(you)針對性地(di)制定了切實可行的(de)(de)(de)隧道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安全生(sheng)產(chan)專(zhuan)項(xiang)方案，并在(zai)實際施工(gong)(gong)(gong)中堅決貫(guan)徹執行，有(you)力地(di)確保了隧道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)、安全和(he)進度。

關鍵詞：隧道(dao)建設；安全；管理(li)措施

太佳高速公(gong)路呂梁段，全長(chang)(chang)119.55km，共有(you)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)18座(zuo)(其中：石質隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)2座(zuo)、土質隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)16座(zuo))，單洞長(chang)(chang)45133m，占總里程的19.24％，寶塔(ta)山、架(jia)梁山、臨縣3號(hao)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)為(wei)特長(chang)(chang)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)，難度最大，且為(wei)全線的控制性工程。由于本項目地處山區，地形地貌地質非常復(fu)雜，建設工期又(you)短，因(yin)此(ci)，如何安全組織管理好全線隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)工程建設顯得尤為(wei)重要(yao)。

1加強(qiang)培訓，落實責任

加強安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)宣傳、教育和培(pei)訓(xun)，建(jian)(jian)設(she)符合(he)工程實(shi)際的(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)文化；提高(gao)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)認(ren)識(shi)，認(ren)真做好技術(shu)培(pei)訓(xun)工作，包括光(guang)面爆破(po)(po)技術(shu)、濕噴混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)施(shi)工技術(shu)、黃土(tu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)分部開挖法、隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)工技術(shu)培(pei)訓(xun)等(deng)。不斷提高(gao)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、操作人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)的(de)技術(shu)水(shui)平和安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)知(zhi)識(shi)。建(jian)(jian)管(guan)處根據有關安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)法律法規(gui)和規(gui)章制度，多(duo)次(ci)(ci)通(tong)過會(hui)議、文件及現(xian)場督(du)導等(deng)多(duo)種方式(shi)，促使各施(shi)工、監(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)建(jian)(jian)立健全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)了(le)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)組織機構和安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)保(bao)障體系，落(luo)實(shi)各項安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)措(cuo)施(shi)，做好了(le)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)塌方、涌水(shui)、瓦斯(si)、交(jiao)通(tong)事故等(deng)各類事故應(ying)急救(jiu)援(yuan)預(yu)案(an)，配備應(ying)急救(jiu)援(yuan)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)、器(qi)(qi)材(cai)、設(she)備，應(ying)急救(jiu)援(yuan)預(yu)案(an)按規(gui)定報監(jian)理(li)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)批準并(bing)報建(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)核(he)實(shi)，并(bing)進行了(le)多(duo)次(ci)(ci)預(yu)演(yan)；各施(shi)工單(dan)(dan)位(wei)組織管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)和作業(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)進行了(le)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)開挖、噴錨支護(hu)、二次(ci)(ci)襯砌施(shi)工的(de)崗前(qian)技術(shu)、安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)培(pei)訓(xun)，建(jian)(jian)管(guan)處組織進行考試，考試合(he)格后(hou)方可上崗；特種作業(ye)人(ren)員(yuan)(yuan)必須持(chi)證上崗。同(tong)時。將地質超(chao)前(qian)預(yu)報、洞(dong)內通(tong)風(feng)、鉆爆設(she)計和爆破(po)(po)器(qi)(qi)材(cai)的(de)管(guan)理(li)、圍巖(yan)變形監(jian)控量測及初期支護(hu)、二次(ci)(ci)襯砌、防(fang)水(shui)堵漏、臨電管(guan)理(li)等(deng)工作作為主(zhu)要控制點，通(tong)過巡檢(jian)、專(zhuan)檢(jian)、旁站、指令(ling)、專(zhuan)題會(hui)議等(deng)手段進行監(jian)控；對預(yu)防(fang)坍塌、漏水(shui)、突泥、瓦斯(si)爆炸(zha)事故措(cuo)施(shi)的(de)落(luo)實(shi)以及應(ying)急預(yu)案(an)的(de)審(shen)查和演(yan)練(lian)情況(kuang)進行監(jian)控。

2強化組織(zhi)，規(gui)范現場

【摘要】鐵(tie)路隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)是我(wo)國交通運輸工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要組(zu)成(cheng)部(bu)分，其施(shi)工(gong)管理(li)對于保(bao)證鐵(tie)路隧道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)質量(liang)和施(shi)工(gong)效(xiao)率(lv)等(deng)方面(mian)意義重(zhong)大。為此，論文就鐵(tie)路隧道(dao)(dao)施(shi)工(gong)中事故頻(pin)發(fa)的(de)(de)原因以及(ji)加強鐵(tie)路隧道(dao)(dao)施(shi)工(gong)管理(li)的(de)(de)措(cuo)施(shi)等(deng)方面(mian)進行了簡單(dan)分析(xi)，希望(wang)對提高(gao)我(wo)國鐵(tie)路隧道(dao)(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)水(shui)平有所幫(bang)助。

【關鍵(jian)詞】鐵路隧道；施(shi)工管(guan)理；事故頻發原(yuan)因；管(guan)理措(cuo)施(shi)

1引言

鐵路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理是鐵路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理工(gong)作的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)組成部分。通過加強鐵路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理工(gong)作，對(dui)于完(wan)善鐵路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)方(fang)案、提高施(shi)工(gong)技術水(shui)平、降低施(shi)工(gong)事故的(de)發生(sheng)率等方(fang)面有至關重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)現實意義(yi)。因此，近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)，我(wo)國鐵路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)建設單位也開始重(zhong)視其施(shi)工(gong)管(guan)理工(gong)作，通過制(zhi)定各項強化措(cuo)施(shi)來(lai)保證(zheng)鐵路(lu)隧(sui)道(dao)工(gong)程(cheng)的(de)經濟效益和社(she)會效益。

2鐵(tie)路隧道(dao)施工中(zhong)事故(gu)頻(pin)發的原(yuan)因(yin)

2.1鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理體系有(you)(you)(you)待(dai)(dai)(dai)完善(shan)(shan)。現階段，造(zao)成我國(guo)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)頻(pin)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原因(yin)是(shi)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)建(jian)(jian)設單(dan)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理體系還有(you)(you)(you)待(dai)(dai)(dai)完善(shan)(shan)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)夠(gou)(gou)重(zhong)(zhong)視施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)度(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)控制，對于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)視程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)還有(you)(you)(you)待(dai)(dai)(dai)加強(qiang)，進(jin)而導(dao)(dao)(dao)致鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理體系不(bu)夠(gou)(gou)完善(shan)(shan)，難以(yi)為(wei)(wei)實際的(de)(de)(de)(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)提供制度(du)(du)支(zhi)持。另(ling)外，鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理體系的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)完善(shan)(shan)也(ye)使得(de)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患，相關管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)檢查(cha)方面做得(de)還不(bu)夠(gou)(gou)到位，且施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)監督機(ji)制也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)待(dai)(dai)(dai)完善(shan)(shan)，最終(zhong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)致鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)頻(pin)發，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)很大程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)上也(ye)威脅著施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)和(he)(he)(he)管(guan)(guan)理人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生命財(cai)產安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)[1]。2.2施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)意(yi)識有(you)(you)(you)待(dai)(dai)(dai)提高。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)意(yi)識還有(you)(you)(you)待(dai)(dai)(dai)提高，這(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)造(zao)成鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)頻(pin)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要因(yin)素。具體表(biao)現為(wei)(wei)：（1）在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實際建(jian)(jian)設過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，經常(chang)會(hui)出(chu)(chu)現瓦斯爆(bao)炸、洪水、山(shan)體坍塌等事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)，這(zhe)都(dou)需要施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)正式開始鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設之前(qian)，加強(qiang)對施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場實際情況的(de)(de)(de)(de)了解和(he)(he)(he)分(fen)(fen)析(xi)，對于在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)可能會(hui)出(chu)(chu)現的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)事(shi)(shi)故(gu)(gu)提前(qian)制定應(ying)對措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。但是(shi)，就(jiu)目前(qian)我國(guo)鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)理的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本現狀來(lai)看，部(bu)分(fen)(fen)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)意(yi)識還有(you)(you)(you)待(dai)(dai)(dai)提高，沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)重(zhong)(zhong)視對鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現場調查(cha)，進(jin)而使得(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)因(yin)素。（2）由于施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)意(yi)識較為(wei)(wei)薄弱，為(wei)(wei)了縮短工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)盲目的(de)(de)(de)(de)趕工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現象，無形中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)增(zeng)加了鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)危(wei)(wei)險(xian)因(yin)素。（3）鐵(tie)(tie)(tie)(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)隧(sui)(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)較為(wei)(wei)復(fu)雜，經常(chang)需要用到較為(wei)(wei)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)械設備和(he)(he)(he)科(ke)學(xue)技術，而部(bu)分(fen)(fen)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)對于施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械設備和(he)(he)(he)科(ke)學(xue)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)(du)還不(bu)夠(gou)(gou)熟練，導(dao)(dao)(dao)致施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)隱(yin)患。

摘要：本文分析了在(zai)隧道(dao)施工(gong)中對(dui)存在(zai)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)風險(xian)進行評估的(de)(de)方法,然(ran)后(hou)根據(ju)楊(yang)林隧道(dao)實際的(de)(de)例子(zi)，詳細論述了風險(xian)控制的(de)(de)對(dui)策(ce)，旨(zhi)在(zai)為(wei)相(xiang)關研究提供(gong)參考，促進相(xiang)關行業的(de)(de)水平的(de)(de)提高(gao)。

關鍵詞(ci)：隧(sui)道施工技(ji)術(shu);風險評估;風險控制

最近幾(ji)年來，我國基礎建(jian)設不斷增加，隧道工(gong)程作為(wei)重要的(de)交通工(gong)程，也(ye)獲得了很快的(de)發展(zhan)。但是(shi)，當前(qian)在隧道施工(gong)中，還是(shi)存在很多的(de)安全(quan)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)，這(zhe)(zhe)些事(shi)故(gu)(gu)造成(cheng)了經濟損失和人員傷亡，給社會帶來了負面影響，因此，必(bi)須(xu)對風險(xian)評(ping)估和控制(zhi)方式(shi)進行(xing)研究，從(cong)而減少這(zhe)(zhe)種安午安事(shi)故(gu)(gu)的(de)發生，這(zhe)(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)本文研究的(de)主要內容。

一、隧道施工技術風險評估方(fang)法

（一(yi)）層次(ci)分析(xi)法(fa)(fa)當前(qian)，層次(ci)分析(xi)法(fa)(fa)是十(shi)分常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，它是十(shi)分簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)決策方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),此方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)比(bi)較(jiao)適合(he)在目標較(jiao)多，而且沒(mei)有(you)(you)多準則，沒(mei)有(you)(you)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)特性(xing)這類復雜問題(ti)中,在應(ying)用(yong)該分析(xi)法(fa)(fa)時，經常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流程是:“建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)層次(ci)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)模(mo)(mo)型→構(gou)造判斷矩陣→層次(ci)單排序,開展一(yi)致性(xing)檢(jian)驗→層次(ci)總排序,開展一(yi)致性(xing)檢(jian)驗”。（二）模(mo)(mo)糊(hu)(hu)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)評價(jia)法(fa)(fa)。模(mo)(mo)糊(hu)(hu)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)評價(jia)法(fa)(fa)是綜(zong)(zong)合(he)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)評標方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)，它是基于模(mo)(mo)糊(hu)(hu)數學產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),這種方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)通常(chang)(chang)結(jie)(jie)果十(shi)分清晰，而且具有(you)(you)很強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統性(xing)強(qiang),可以(yi)利用(yong)在模(mo)(mo)糊(hu)(hu)和難以(yi)量化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)中,其通常(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流程是:“建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)因素集→建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)權重集→建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)評價(jia)集→建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)一(yi)階(jie)模(mo)(mo)糊(hu)(hu)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)評價(jia)模(mo)(mo)型→建(jian)(jian)立(li)(li)二階(jie)模(mo)(mo)糊(hu)(hu)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)評價(jia)模(mo)(mo)型”。

二、對(dui)隧道施工技術風險評(ping)估實例

摘要(yao)(yao)：闡述(shu)隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)過程中(zhong)安(an)全風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)的重要(yao)(yao)性(xing)(xing)，分析隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)安(an)全風(feng)險(xian)主要(yao)(yao)影響因素(su)，提出隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)安(an)全風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)措施，包括采取相應管(guan)(guan)理(li)手段，加強對(dui)影響隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)安(an)全的外(wai)界因素(su)監(jian)控(kong)；建(jian)立完善的隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)安(an)全風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)制度(du)；實行隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)安(an)全動(dong)態風(feng)險(xian)評估，全方位保(bao)障風(feng)險(xian)評估的可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)和功能性(xing)(xing)，希望可(ke)以為我(wo)國隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)施工(gong)(gong)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)起到積極的作用。

關鍵詞：隧道施工；安全(quan)風(feng)險；施工管理

隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)在環境上具有(you)特(te)殊(shu)性，因此，決(jue)定了對隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)分析的(de)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性。對隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)安全分析時(shi)，首先要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)之前的(de)地質、氣候等(deng)條件進(jin)行(xing)(xing)分析，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)相關的(de)地質評(ping)估(gu)，確保隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)有(you)地質方面的(de)保障；其次，在對隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員的(de)安全意識，還要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)評(ping)估(gu)時(shi)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)對其投入的(de)資金以(yi)及人力成本等(deng)問題。不(bu)能片面地對隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)評(ping)估(gu)，要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)提高(gao)管理層人員以(yi)及現場施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)人員對隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)安全意識。隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)是整(zheng)個隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程的(de)安全保障，因此，對隧(sui)(sui)道(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)安全風(feng)(feng)險(xian)評(ping)估(gu)是非常有(you)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。

1隧(sui)道施工過程中(zhong)安全風險管(guan)理的重要(yao)性

對(dui)隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)風險評估是(shi)在完成工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)地質勘(kan)測之后。這(zhe)時(shi)候(hou)整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)地質勘(kan)測已(yi)經基本結束，但由于地質條(tiao)件比(bi)較復雜，為了更加安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)地對(dui)隧(sui)道(dao)進行(xing)(xing)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)，還需要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)隧(sui)道(dao)進行(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)風險評估。對(dui)于施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)企業來(lai)講(jiang)，做好(hao)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)首(shou)要(yao)(yao)(yao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)就(jiu)是(shi)提升人員(yuan)的(de)思想意識，減少安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)隱患的(de)發(fa)生。隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)是(shi)確保隧(sui)道(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)順(shun)利進行(xing)(xing)的(de)關鍵(jian)點，對(dui)于隧(sui)道(dao)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)后能否投入使用產生了重要(yao)(yao)(yao)影響。在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)人員(yuan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)的(de)具體情(qing)況進行(xing)(xing)勘(kan)察，對(dui)周(zhou)圍(wei)環境(jing)和(he)氣候(hou)進行(xing)(xing)分析(xi)，制(zhi)定出符合實(shi)際(ji)的(de)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)條(tiao)例，在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求和(he)具體的(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)目標中將安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)條(tiao)例貫徹到各項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序中，確保施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)順(shun)利完成。

2隧道施工安全風險主要影響因素

1公路隧(sui)道工程施(shi)工前的準備

①由(you)于每個地(di)區的具體環境都不相(xiang)同，所以公路隧(sui)道(dao)的建設(she)也(ye)都需(xu)要結(jie)合當地(di)的實際情況加以更改(gai)，所以在隧(sui)道(dao)工程開(kai)工以前(qian)，首先要對施工環境進行(xing)考察，做好現(xian)場調查研(yan)究(jiu)工作。

②核(he)對設計(ji)文件和編制施工組織(zhi)設計(ji)，預測隧道(dao)施工可能(neng)對地下已設結構物的影響。

③積極(ji)了(le)解施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場的天氣(qi)、施(shi)工(gong)材(cai)料和運輸情(qing)況，對施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)(xian)場可(ke)能會(hui)出現(xian)(xian)的用電問題、水(shui)量問題（雨水(shui)沖刷(shua)）以及材(cai)料供應等作好(hao)準備(bei)。

④對交通運輸(shu)條(tiao)件(jian)和施工(gong)運輸(shu)便道(dao)進行方(fang)案(an)比選(xuan)，合理(li)安(an)排施工(gong)工(gong)具，現場核對隧道(dao)平面、縱(zong)面設(she)計等。

⑤對施工地(di)周(zhou)圍的(de)生活供(gong)應、醫療條件以及電力通信、勞(lao)動力等做好勘(kan)察，并測試(shi)周(zhou)圍的(de)水(shui)源、水(shui)質，擬定供(gong)水(shui)方案。

1隧道仰拱標準化(hua)施工工藝(yi)實(shi)施內(nei)容

為規范隧(sui)道標準化施工(gong)工(gong)藝，提高隧(sui)道施工(gong)質量(liang)，在隧(sui)道施工(gong)中推行(xing)隧(sui)道仰(yang)(yang)拱(gong)(gong)端模、背模、仰(yang)(yang)拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)邊止水帶(dai)固定(ding)、仰(yang)(yang)拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋預彎安(an)裝(zhuang)以及“五線(xian)”（鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋搭(da)(da)接上(shang)層(ceng)線(xian)、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋搭(da)(da)接下層(ceng)線(xian)、縱向盲管線(xian)、環向盲管線(xian)、仰(yang)(yang)拱(gong)(gong)澆筑面）上(shang)墻等標準化施工(gong)工(gong)藝。把定(ding)制仰(yang)(yang)拱(gong)(gong)端模、背模、仰(yang)(yang)拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)邊止水帶(dai)固定(ding)夾具、仰(yang)(yang)拱(gong)(gong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋預彎安(an)裝(zhuang)工(gong)藝在云桂(gui)二標中全面推廣使(shi)用。

2隧道仰拱標準化施工工藝

在仰(yang)拱施(shi)工中，推行仰(yang)拱端模、背(bei)模、仰(yang)拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)邊止水(shui)帶固定夾具、仰(yang)拱鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋預彎安裝標(biao)準化施(shi)工工藝(yi)，以控制(zhi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋間距(ju)、排距(ju)、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋保護層厚度(du)、施(shi)工縫防水(shui)（止水(shui)帶及(ji)止水(shui)條安裝）和(he)仰(yang)拱底板(ban)混凝土的澆筑質量。

2.1仰拱鋼筋加工(gong)及(ji)安(an)裝施工(gong)工(gong)藝

①下料：仰(yang)拱鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)加(jia)工采(cai)用自(zi)制(zhi)鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)彎筋(jin)(jin)機(ji)進行(xing)加(jia)工，自(zi)制(zhi)彎筋(jin)(jin)各分(fen)部可自(zi)行(xing)設計制(zhi)作(zuo)，要求操(cao)作(zuo)方便，安(an)全可行(xing)。按照(zhao)設計圖(tu)紙對鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)進行(xing)下料。注意(yi)需(xu)確保同一區(qu)段內的鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)接頭數量滿足(zu)驗(yan)標要求：綁扎(zha)接頭在(zai)構(gou)件(jian)的受拉區(qu)不得大于25%。