導語：水利水電(dian)工(gong)程引水隧洞洞挖(wa)施工(gong)研究一(yi)文來源于網友上傳，不代表本(ben)站(zhan)觀點，若需(xu)要原創文章(zhang)可咨詢客服老(lao)師，歡迎參考。

摘要：結合具體的工程實踐，分析水利水電工程引水隧洞洞挖施工技術(shu)，通過合理的方(fang)式控制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)關鍵環節，從而有效(xiao)(xiao)控制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度，達到預(yu)期的經濟效(xiao)(xiao)果。

關鍵詞：引水隧(sui)洞；洞挖；施工質(zhi)量

1工程概況

泉(quan)州(zhou)市惠(hui)女(nv)至(zhi)菱溪(xi)、黃塘(tang)引調水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)為(wei)干(gan)(gan)支(zhi)線，分(fen)別為(wei)惠(hui)女(nv)至(zhi)佘格寮輸(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)干(gan)(gan)線、佘格寮至(zhi)菱溪(xi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)支(zhi)線。泉(quan)州(zhou)市惠(hui)女(nv)至(zhi)菱溪(xi)、黃塘(tang)引調水(shui)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)屬Ⅲ等工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，標段范(fan)圍(wei)內的(de)佘格寮至(zhi)菱溪(xi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)支(zhi)線中(zhong)的(de)內山(shan)管道(dao)、內山(shan)至(zhi)后(hou)蘇(su)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)隧(sui)(sui)洞、后(hou)蘇(su)管道(dao)、后(hou)蘇(su)至(zhi)菱溪(xi)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)隧(sui)(sui)洞輸(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)線路總(zong)長9.8km，隧(sui)(sui)洞開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)洞徑為(wei)3.2m，開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)底寬(kuan)2.6m，襯后(hou)洞徑2.4m；輸(shu)(shu)(shu)水(shui)管道(dao)管徑為(wei)2.0m。主(zhu)要工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量包括土方(fang)開挖(wa)(wa)(wa)39932.65m3，土方(fang)回(hui)填10942m3，石方(fang)洞挖(wa)(wa)(wa)93275.71m3，砼27251.89m3，鋼筋制(zhi)安792.68t，管道(dao)安裝387.2m。

2地質條件、施工條件

2.1地質條件

引水隧(sui)道(dao)的地(di)質主(zhu)要是以Ⅱ、Ⅲ類圍(wei)巖(yan)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)。內山(shan)管道(dao)主(zhu)要為(wei)(wei)沖洪積粉(fen)質黏(nian)土、全風化花(hua)崗巖(yan)和弱風化花(hua)崗巖(yan)，可直接(jie)作為(wei)(wei)管道(dao)基礎層。內山(shan)至(zhi)后蘇(su)隧(sui)道(dao)Ⅱ類圍(wei)巖(yan)長(chang)度538m，占58.5%；Ⅲ類圍(wei)巖(yan)長(chang)度207m，占22.51%；后蘇(su)至(zhi)菱(ling)溪隧(sui)洞Ⅱ類圍(wei)巖(yan)長(chang)度6201.224m，占73.06%。隧(sui)洞區的巖(yan)石致密堅硬，大部分隧(sui)洞圍(wei)巖(yan)穩定，局部穩定性差，地(di)質條件總體較(jiao)好。

2.2施工條件

泉(quan)州(zhou)市惠(hui)女(nv)至菱溪、黃塘(tang)引(yin)調水(shui)工程位于泉(quan)州(zhou)市泉(quan)港(gang)區驛坂村，對外環(huan)庫公路直通國道(dao)G324線。場內臨時施(shi)工道(dao)路施(shi)工單位自(zi)行(xing)修(xiu)建，同時與(yu)施(shi)工道(dao)路交叉或相鄰道(dao)路施(shi)工時避開(kai)施(shi)工時差。另外，根據工程需(xu)要修(xiu)建相關施(shi)工便道(dao)。

3施(shi)工機(ji)械與(yu)施(shi)工方案

3.1設備選型

施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)選(xuan)型原則如下：一是(shi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)配(pei)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)選(xuan)型。綜合考慮了(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)動靈活(huo)、高效(xiao)低耗(hao)、環(huan)保(bao)、運行(xing)(xing)安(an)全可靠等各方面因素(su)，其性(xing)能(neng)及工(gong)(gong)(gong)作參(can)數以滿(man)足(zu)(zu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)需(xu)要(yao)和(he)保(bao)證施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)為前(qian)(qian)提。二是(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)數量。按高峰月(yue)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)強度(du)(du)及設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)能(neng)力(li)進行(xing)(xing)配(pei)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)，適當考慮了(le)(le)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)出勤率和(he)完好率，并考慮了(le)(le)適當施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)能(neng)力(li)儲(chu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)系(xi)數。三是(shi)選(xuan)用的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)在滿(man)足(zu)(zu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)需(xu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)前(qian)(qian)提下，設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)類型不宜太(tai)多(duo)，以利于設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)維修、保(bao)養、管(guan)理(li)，提高生產效(xiao)率[1]。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)(de)(de)鉆孔(kong)和(he)爆破施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)設(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)如表1所(suo)示。

3.2施工方法

根據工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，洞(dong)身(shen)開挖分4個工(gong)(gong)作口(kou)7個工(gong)(gong)作面(mian)(mian)(mian)，分別是紫山分水口(kou)下游工(gong)(gong)作面(mian)(mian)(mian)、后蘇上下游工(gong)(gong)作面(mian)(mian)(mian)、尾田支洞(dong)上下游工(gong)(gong)作面(mian)(mian)(mian)、土門豎(shu)井上下游工(gong)(gong)作面(mian)(mian)(mian)。除此之外，考慮了C2B標的(de)(de)(de)(de)菱溪支洞(dong)作為洞(dong)身(shen)開挖的(de)(de)(de)(de)一個備用(yong)工(gong)(gong)作面(mian)(mian)(mian)。開挖Ⅲ類(lei)圍巖地段(duan)采(cai)用(yong)全斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)法，光(guang)(guang)(guang)面(mian)(mian)(mian)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)開挖；隧洞(dong)采(cai)用(yong)新奧法施工(gong)(gong)，隧洞(dong)從豎(shu)井、出口(kou)、雙向掘進，開挖采(cai)用(yong)自制多(duo)功(gong)能鉆爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)臺架(jia)，人(ren)工(gong)(gong)手持(chi)風鉆打眼，根據圍巖特性(xing)(xing)及(ji)其節理裂隙的(de)(de)(de)(de)分布(bu)情(qing)況(kuang)，確(que)定該隧道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)參數，以隧洞(dong)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)專項施工(gong)(gong)方案為藍(lan)本(ben)(ben)進行(xing)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)調整，在光(guang)(guang)(guang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)區爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)裝藥參數不變(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)下增加光(guang)(guang)(guang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)導向光(guang)(guang)(guang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)空孔(kong)(kong)(kong)，提高成(cheng)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)準確(que)性(xing)(xing)。在鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)施工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中堅決控制鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)質量，成(cheng)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求平、直、準、齊，各(ge)(ge)炮眼要(yao)(yao)(yao)準確(que)地打在點好的(de)(de)(de)(de)眼位上，誤差一般不大于20mm，周(zhou)邊眼誤差應(ying)盡量減小；要(yao)(yao)(yao)求周(zhou)邊光(guang)(guang)(guang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)與二圈孔(kong)(kong)(kong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)互相平行(xing)，以保證光(guang)(guang)(guang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)最小抵抗線厚度，要(yao)(yao)(yao)求各(ge)(ge)炮孔(kong)(kong)(kong)與隧道(dao)軸線方向平行(xing)一致；同(tong)一類(lei)型(xing)炮眼深度斜度基本(ben)(ben)一致。

3.3施工流程

一是測量放線。測量放線是洞室開挖的關鍵環節，準確的測量放線對于工程質量十分關鍵。本工程中采用全站儀和激光導向儀配合工作，在施工工作面快速放出周圍輪廓線，并且確定隧道中軸線以及鉆孔孔位，精度能夠滿足工程的需求。為了對工程進度進行控制，在布設基本導線點的情況下設置三角高程，確保工程高程與放線精度。二是鉆孔與質量控制。相關研究表明，鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)精度(du)對于后(hou)續工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)十分(fen)重要(yao)(yao)，是(shi)(shi)防止超欠挖(wa)的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)。因(yin)此，必(bi)須(xu)嚴(yan)格(ge)按照爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)布置(zhi)圖(tu)(tu)及(ji)設計孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)深施(shi)(shi)(shi)鉆，沿輪廓線的(de)(de)調整范(fan)圍(wei)和掏槽孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位偏差不應(ying)大(da)于5cm，其他(ta)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)位不應(ying)大(da)于10cm。施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)加強鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)距、孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)斜的(de)(de)檢(jian)查(cha)，及(ji)時(shi)做好質量(liang)(liang)監督。三是(shi)(shi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)連(lian)網(wang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)與(yu)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。炮孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)經檢(jian)查(cha)合格(ge)后(hou)，由(you)持(chi)證炮工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)領班操作(zuo)，嚴(yan)格(ge)遵守爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)安全(quan)操作(zuo)規程(cheng)(cheng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)采(cai)用84#巖石乳化(hua)炸藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)卷直徑：周邊光爆(bao)(bao)(bao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)Φ25mm，其余為Φ32mm；爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)連(lian)網(wang)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)是(shi)(shi)整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)重點(dian)，在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)(cheng)中，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)嚴(yan)格(ge)按照爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)設計要(yao)(yao)求與(yu)規范(fan)開展裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)連(lian)網(wang)，周邊光爆(bao)(bao)(bao)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)采(cai)用間隔裝(zhuang)(zhuang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)方(fang)式，并且由(you)塑料(liao)導爆(bao)(bao)(bao)管連(lian)接形成起(qi)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)網(wang)絡，在(zai)(zai)檢(jian)查(cha)無(wu)誤且取得作(zuo)業(ye)證之后(hou)，要(yao)(yao)求施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機械(xie)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人(ren)員撤離到安全(quan)地帶，開展爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)警戒，同意執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)。四是(shi)(shi)通風除塵與(yu)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)完畢后(hou)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)對爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)后(hou)的(de)(de)殘渣以及(ji)碎土進(jin)行(xing)(xing)除塵工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，采(cai)用軸流風機進(jin)行(xing)(xing)排(pai)煙(yan)，采(cai)用噴(pen)淋裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)除塵管理，做好除塵之后(hou)，排(pai)查(cha)相關的(de)(de)安全(quan)隱患，按照《安全(quan)爆(bao)(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)(po)(po)規程(cheng)(cheng)》進(jin)行(xing)(xing)后(hou)續處(chu)理，確保安全(quan)后(hou)繼(ji)續施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。五是(shi)(shi)錨(mao)噴(pen)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)與(yu)質量(liang)(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)。采(cai)用錨(mao)噴(pen)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)方(fang)式對不穩定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)巖體進(jin)行(xing)(xing)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)，為了(le)確保支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)強度(du)，應(ying)在(zai)(zai)鉆孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)后(hou)注入漿(jiang)液，并且倒入孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)底，安插桿體，最(zui)后(hou)認真堵(du)塞孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)口，防止漿(jiang)液流出，確保支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)強度(du)，避免不穩定(ding)(ding)巖體引(yin)發的(de)(de)危險因(yin)素(su)。整個(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流程(cheng)(cheng)如圖(tu)(tu)1所(suo)示(shi)。

4鉆爆設計與爆破試驗

4.1鉆爆設計

根據隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)基本情況，隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)淺孔爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)法施工。Ⅴ級(ji)圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)上(shang)臺(tai)(tai)階(jie)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)每(mei)循環進尺不(bu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)0.8m，Ⅳ級(ji)圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)上(shang)臺(tai)(tai)階(jie)每(mei)循環進尺不(bu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)1.0m，Ⅲ級(ji)圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)地段(duan)控(kong)制(zhi)在1.5～2.0m進行(xing)設定。隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)明洞(dong)(dong)(dong)段(duan)土石開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)選用(yong)(yong)淺孔臺(tai)(tai)階(jie)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)。隧洞(dong)(dong)(dong)Ⅲ級(ji)圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)全斷面開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)法，Ⅳ級(ji)圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)和Ⅴ級(ji)圍(wei)(wei)巖(yan)(yan)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)2臺(tai)(tai)階(jie)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)法進行(xing)開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)。開(kai)(kai)挖(wa)(wa)輪廓線(xian)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)光面爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)技(ji)術，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)口明挖(wa)(wa)段(duan)需(xu)要爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)施工，基本采(cai)取淺孔控(kong)制(zhi)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)個別巖(yan)(yan)石盡可(ke)能(neng)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)械破(po)(po)碎，不(bu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)爆(bao)(bao)破(po)(po)法施工。

4.2爆破試驗

為確(que)(que)定科學的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破參(can)數(shu)(shu)，明確(que)(que)起爆(bao)(bao)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用數(shu)(shu)量(liang)和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)孔(kong)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)距離，應當進(jin)行爆(bao)(bao)破試驗。首先依(yi)照公式明確(que)(que)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)與(yu)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)孔(kong)之間(jian)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據，每進(jin)尺都對預(yu)(yu)裂孔(kong)的(de)(de)(de)爆(bao)(bao)破成效進(jin)行查(cha)看，在(zai)確(que)(que)保藥(yao)(yao)(yao)孔(kong)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)距離不(bu)發生變化的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況下(xia)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用數(shu)(shu)量(liang)，在(zai)爆(bao)(bao)破成效達到(dao)預(yu)(yu)定要求的(de)(de)(de)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)孔(kong)之間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)距離，力爭(zheng)在(zai)確(que)(que)保爆(bao)(bao)破效果與(yu)施工效率的(de)(de)(de)狀(zhuang)況下(xia)得(de)到(dao)理想狀(zhuang)態的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)孔(kong)間(jian)隔(ge)(ge)距離與(yu)炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)使用數(shu)(shu)量(liang)。作業期間(jian)經過爆(bao)(bao)破成效剖析，基于(yu)地質(zhi)變動狀(zhuang)況恰當調(diao)(diao)節(jie)爆(bao)(bao)破參(can)數(shu)(shu)，讓其符合設計規定。為保證進(jin)洞安(an)全需求，在(zai)進(jin)洞處范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)設置鋼拱架，具體(ti)榀數(shu)(shu)根(gen)據進(jin)洞圍(wei)(wei)堰情(qing)況確(que)(que)定。周邊(bian)眼運(yun)用導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)完成起爆(bao)(bao)與(yu)傳爆(bao)(bao)，而其他(ta)眼與(yu)導(dao)爆(bao)(bao)索(suo)依(yi)托非電毫秒雷管進(jin)行引爆(bao)(bao)，這種雷管依(yi)托電雷管起爆(bao)(bao)。炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)運(yun)用的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)2號(hao)硝銨炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)，遇(yu)到(dao)滲水時(shi)采用乳化炸(zha)(zha)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。

5Ⅳ、Ⅴ類圍巖開挖(wa)支護

Ⅳ、Ⅴ類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)的(de)發(fa)育程(cheng)度不(bu)高(gao)，圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)不(bu)穩定(ding)，而且以分布的(de)小斷層為(wei)主。本工(gong)程(cheng)中內山至(zhi)后(hou)蘇隧IV類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)長度144.729m，占15.73%；V類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)長度30m，占3.26%；后(hou)蘇至(zhi)菱溪隧洞IV類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)長度1236m，占14.56%；V類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)長度169m，占1.99%。工(gong)程(cheng)中的(de)Ⅳ、Ⅴ類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)雖然占比不(bu)高(gao)，但是因為(wei)其圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)巖(yan)不(bu)穩定(ding)的(de)特性，需要在超前地質勘探的(de)基礎上(shang)，采取合理的(de)施工(gong)方(fang)法。

5.1超前地質勘探

超前(qian)地質(zhi)(zhi)勘探是(shi)了(le)解Ⅳ、Ⅴ類圍巖(yan)的(de)(de)構成(cheng)(cheng)及(ji)(ji)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)結構的(de)(de)重(zhong)要方式(shi)，在超前(qian)勘探的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)礎(chu)上，能(neng)夠獲取尚未(wei)開挖巖(yan)體的(de)(de)體質(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)況，為支護方式(shi)的(de)(de)選擇提供(gong)依據。勘探過(guo)程中設(she)置朝前(qian)鉆(zhan)(zhan)探孔(kong)，采用(yong)SGZ-ⅢA型地質(zhi)(zhi)鉆(zhan)(zhan)機鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔(kong)，孔(kong)徑根據情(qing)況大于54mm，孔(kong)長15～30m，從鉆(zhan)(zhan)探孔(kong)中獲取巖(yan)芯，通過(guo)試驗的(de)(de)方式(shi)了(le)解巖(yan)芯的(de)(de)巖(yan)性、力學性能(neng)以及(ji)(ji)結構，分析圍巖(yan)的(de)(de)構成(cheng)(cheng)。同時，采用(yong)抽水試驗的(de)(de)方式(shi)了(le)解水文資料，避免施(shi)工過(guo)程可能(neng)出現的(de)(de)涌水、坍塌等不良事故[2]。

5.2施工方法(fa)與質量控制

當Ⅳ、Ⅴ類圍巖(yan)斷層破(po)碎帶(dai)內充填軟塑(su)狀斷層泥或特別松散的(de)顆粒時，需要設置超前支護。利用(yong)錨(mao)桿(gan)或管(guan)棚進行超前支護，在(zai)確保圍巖(yan)穩定的(de)情況下，開(kai)展分層開(kai)挖。開(kai)挖過程(cheng)中做(zuo)好監督與管(guan)理，采用(yong)分部(bu)支護和分布開(kai)挖等方式，提(ti)升施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安全。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中要嚴(yan)格控(kong)制爆(bao)破(po)用(yong)藥量(liang)、爆(bao)破(po)深(shen)度等參數(shu)，不能(neng)為了追求(qiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)進度而忽略質量(liang)管(guan)理。

5.3地下水的(de)防滲(shen)處理

在(zai)作業過程中洞中滲水(shui)(shui)范圍(wei)比較大(da)的(de)(de)情況下，運用(yong)鉆孔(kong)把(ba)水(shui)(shui)全(quan)部(bu)引到集(ji)水(shui)(shui)井(jing)內，之后使(shi)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)泵把(ba)水(shui)(shui)排(pai)到洞外。若地下滲漏水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)量(liang)很(hen)大(da)或者(zhe)范圍(wei)較為廣泛時，掘(jue)進之前(qian)首先要進行灌漿，之后基于(yu)全(quan)封閉深孔(kong)或者(zhe)依托超前(qian)加(jia)強支護對滲水(shui)(shui)問(wen)題進行處置(zhi)，而且在(zai)掘(jue)進作業面(mian)前(qian)方留下最少10m的(de)(de)搭接(jie)長度。小鋼管與超前(qian)錨(mao)桿裝(zhuang)設運用(yong)快硬水(shui)(shui)泥卷，使(shi)待凝時長減短。

6結語

本文所研究的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程地(di)質(zhi)環境(jing)與施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環境(jing)復雜，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)條件苛刻，依(yi)靠良(liang)好的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織以及有效的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技術，完(wan)成了(le)整個(ge)引水隧洞(dong)洞(dong)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程。對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)引水隧洞(dong)洞(dong)挖(wa)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程進行研究，明(ming)確(que)鉆爆與支護工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝流程，做好關(guan)鍵(jian)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)環節質(zhi)量控(kong)制，對于提升工(gong)(gong)(gong)程進度、確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量具有重要的(de)意義。

作者：張生林 單位：甘肅省水利(li)水電工程(cheng)局(ju)有限責任公(gong)司