導語：民國時期漁業振興路徑一(yi)文來源于網(wang)友上傳，不(bu)代表本站觀點，若需(xu)要原創(chuang)文章可咨詢客服老師，歡迎參考。

漁業是福建沿海居民的“生存之業”。但民國時期，由于海盜猖獗、賦稅沉重、日輪傾軋、漁船落后、漁民守舊等諸多要素的交織，當地漁業一度陷入困境。當時的福建省政府積極探索振興路徑，先后通過改(gai)組(zu)行政機(ji)構、設(she)置水產試驗(yan)場、籌設(she)教育講習所(suo)、合(he)理布(bu)局漁區、設(she)立金融機(ji)關、打擊(ji)海(hai)盜、設(she)置遠洋公司等措施，逐步(bu)復興日漸衰落(luo)的(de)漁業經濟。

一、民(min)國時期福建省漁業發展之困(kun)境

1935年(nian)(nian)，陳(chen)鏞在(zai)《福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)之(zhi)改進(jin)方(fang)(fang)針》一(yi)(yi)(yi)文中提到，中國(guo)(guo)(guo)是(shi)(shi)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)，福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)作為(wei)(wei)沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)七(qi)省(sheng)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)，海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)線(xian)北(bei)起浙(zhe)江(jiang)省(sheng)南(nan)關(guan)灣(wan)，南(nan)至廣(guang)東(dong)省(sheng)詔安灣(wan)，約占全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)岸(an)(an)線(xian)總長(chang)20%，1935年(nian)(nian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)總量(liang)超過1萬(wan)t/年(nian)(nian)。雖有優越的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“天時(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)利”條件，但囿于諸多(duo)(duo)(duo)要素，民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)反而呈現(xian)“江(jiang)河日(ri)下(xia)(xia)”之(zhi)勢。據(ju)《福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)近代民(min)(min)(min)生地(di)(di)(di)(di)理志(zhi)》載，1929年(nian)(nian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獲物價值(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)達5億元。1945年(nian)(nian)，廈門大(da)學在(zai)《關(guan)于福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)調(diao)查報告》中提到，福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獲量(liang)為(wei)(wei)28.87萬(wan)t，但總產(chan)(chan)(chan)值(zhi)(zhi)僅(jin)有1946.65萬(wan)元。同時(shi)(shi)，外(wai)來(lai)魚(yu)(yu)介(jie)(jie)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)味（包括(kuo)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)參(can)、干貝、魷魚(yu)(yu)、墨魚(yu)(yu)、蚶、蛤、魚(yu)(yu)翅以及各自乾(qian)咸制魚(yu)(yu)介(jie)(jie)與(yu)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)）輸(shu)入量(liang)在(zai)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)增(zeng)加。1905年(nian)(nian)～1930年(nian)(nian)福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)部(bu)分地(di)(di)(di)(di)區魚(yu)(yu)介(jie)(jie)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)味輸(shu)入值(zhi)(zhi)見表(biao)1。從(cong)表(biao)1可以看出(chu)，三都澳、福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)州市、廈門市等三大(da)貿易(yi)(yi)集(ji)散地(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)來(lai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)輸(shu)入逐(zhu)(zhu)年(nian)(nian)增(zeng)加，1905年(nian)(nian)尚且僅(jin)有價值(zhi)(zhi)352.3萬(wan)元的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)輸(shu)入福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，到1930年(nian)(nian)竟高(gao)達791.9萬(wan)元。外(wai)來(lai)魚(yu)(yu)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)輸(shu)入劇增(zeng)，直(zhi)接沖擊了福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)本(ben)省(sheng)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)售(shou)賣和出(chu)口，漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)逐(zhu)(zhu)漸(jian)趨于萎縮。究其(qi)原因，民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)衰落是(shi)(shi)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種不(bu)(bu)利因素共同作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結果。一(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)守舊(jiu)。民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)與(yu)外(wai)界接觸(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)會較少，素質普(pu)遍(bian)不(bu)(bu)高(gao)、知識水(shui)平低(di)下(xia)(xia)。二(er)(er)是(shi)(shi)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)船裝備陳(chen)舊(jiu)。民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)大(da)多(duo)(duo)(duo)采(cai)用木質漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)船從(cong)事捕(bu)撈事業(ye)(ye)，效率低(di)下(xia)(xia)、危(wei)險性(xing)高(gao)，遇到暴(bao)雨颶風天氣，極易(yi)(yi)遭(zao)遇生命危(wei)險，落后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)木質漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)船與(yu)先進(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)本(ben)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)輪(lun)(lun)在(zai)競爭中也經常處于劣勢。三是(shi)(shi)資金(jin)缺乏、生產(chan)(chan)(chan)規模小(xiao)。民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi)(shi)期(qi)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)經濟不(bu)(bu)景氣，各地(di)(di)(di)(di)財政困難，難以滿足支(zhi)持漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)發展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開支(zhi)需求，漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)難以興旺(wang)。四是(shi)(shi)政府(fu)(fu)保(bao)護力(li)有不(bu)(bu)逮。政府(fu)(fu)調(diao)控不(bu)(bu)周(zhou)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)使(shi)得水(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)價格持續走低(di)，漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)基本(ben)收入沒有保(bao)障；另(ling)一(yi)(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)政府(fu)(fu)對日(ri)本(ben)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)輪(lun)(lun)傾軋行為(wei)(wei)無所作為(wei)(wei)，加劇了漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)不(bu)(bu)振。民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)經濟學家孫(sun)懷仁在(zai)《中國(guo)(guo)(guo)經濟現(xian)勢講話》中曾言，“日(ri)本(ben)帝(di)國(guo)(guo)(guo)主義(yi)靠(kao)著地(di)(di)(di)(di)理上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢，獨霸東(dong)亞漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)。近在(zai)咫尺(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)自然變成日(ri)本(ben)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)(er)故鄉。”五是(shi)(shi)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)盜(dao)劫(jie)掠(lve)使(shi)得漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)萎縮。早在(zai)明(ming)嘉(jia)靖時(shi)(shi)期(qi)，福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)區就出(chu)現(xian)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)盜(dao)活(huo)動(dong)，晚清民(min)(min)(min)國(guo)(guo)(guo)伴隨海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)禁廢除和外(wai)海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)貿易(yi)(yi)繁榮，海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)盜(dao)活(huo)動(dong)更是(shi)(shi)肆無忌(ji)憚，致(zhi)使(shi)福(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)怯于遠洋(yang)捕(bu)撈。六(liu)是(shi)(shi)外(wai)來(lai)水(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)大(da)肆傾銷。外(wai)來(lai)水(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)沖擊我國(guo)(guo)(guo)市場，導致(zhi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)水(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)囤(dun)積，難以銷售(shou)。據(ju)1935年(nian)(nian)《上海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)市水(shui)產(chan)(chan)(chan)經濟月刊》載，“近年(nian)(nian)我海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)產(chan)(chan)(chan)市場，受外(wai)貨傾銷影響，一(yi)(yi)(yi)落千丈。”

二、民國時期福(fu)建省漁(yu)業(ye)振興之(zhi)路徑

漁業本為福建(jian)(jian)省優勢(shi)產業，卻(que)因諸多因素一落(luo)千丈。1935年，中(zhong)國(guo)海(hai)洋(yang)漁業專家黃文灃在(zai)《改進(jin)福建(jian)(jian)漁業之管(guan)見》中(zhong)提到(dao)，“現在(zai)中(zhong)國(guo)漁民(min)所捕(bu)獲者不及(ji)每年應獲魚額的(de)(de)(de)十分之一。”基于此，當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)福建(jian)(jian)省政(zheng)府(fu)提出了數(shu)條振興漁業方(fang)針，力圖挽救日漸(jian)衰弱的(de)(de)(de)漁業經濟。

（一）改組行政機構

建(jian)(jian)(jian)立關(guan)乎(hu)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)組(zu)織(zhi)系統(tong)是振興(xing)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的前提(ti)。誠(cheng)如時論所言，“水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，經緯千端，當此日輪侵漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)日亟之秋，欲利用厚生以(yi)圖挽回漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)權(quan)海權(quan)，鞏固(gu)國防(fang)，應先確定(ding)(ding)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)組(zu)織(zhi)，以(yi)為(wei)施設(she)(she)(she)基礎”。基于此，當時的福(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)確定(ding)(ding)了省(sheng)政(zheng)(zheng)府、縣(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)府、區公所三級漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)管理體(ti)制(zhi)，使(shi)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)管理有(you)制(zhi)可(ke)循。省(sheng)政(zheng)(zheng)府作為(wei)福(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)最(zui)高行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機關(guan)，其建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)第3廳負責有(you)關(guan)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的一(yi)(yi)切建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)，主(zhu)要有(you)規(gui)劃水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)、訂定(ding)(ding)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)法規(gui)、劃分漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)區、調查統(tong)計水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)、保(bao)護及(ji)取締漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、指(zhi)導及(ji)獎勵漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、試(shi)驗及(ji)推廣漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)、制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)稅等相關(guan)事項，在(zai)宏觀層面為(wei)福(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展奠定(ding)(ding)基調。福(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)沿海及(ji)淡(dan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)養殖發達(da)縣(xian)(xian)，也在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)科內專(zhuan)設(she)(she)(she)水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)技術員(yuan)一(yi)(yi)人至(zhi)數(shu)人，履(lv)行(xing)(xing)督察本縣(xian)(xian)各水(shui)(shui)(shui)產(chan)(chan)團體(ti)執行(xing)(xing)、核查及(ji)防(fang)衛救(jiu)濟等職責。縣(xian)(xian)之下(xia)設(she)(she)(she)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)區公所，主(zhu)要負責向漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民傳達(da)中央、省(sheng)及(ji)縣(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)府制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)的上(shang)層建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)方(fang)針，介(jie)紹優良適宜的漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發展方(fang)法。福(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)機構(gou)(gou)以(yi)省(sheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)廳為(wei)核心(xin)，逐步將漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)下(xia)沉(chen)，進一(yi)(yi)步細化漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)體(ti)責任、健(jian)全漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)組(zu)織(zhi)機構(gou)(gou)，形成(cheng)了從省(sheng)會到地(di)方(fang)的三級管理體(ti)制(zhi)，暢通了漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)振興(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)策的執行(xing)(xing)渠道(dao)，便于執行(xing)(xing)振興(xing)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的計劃。

（二）設立水產試(shi)驗場

黃文灃主張設(she)(she)立(li)漁(yu)(yu)業(ye)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究機關——水(shui)(shui)產(chan)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)場(chang)，政府撥付專款(kuan)經(jing)費用(yong)以水(shui)(shui)產(chan)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、海(hai)洋(yang)探(tan)(tan)險及調(diao)查研(yan)(yan)(yan)究工作，著力改善漁(yu)(yu)民落后(hou)養殖方法(fa)(fa)及推廣先進技(ji)術(shu)，實現漁(yu)(yu)業(ye)復興。水(shui)(shui)產(chan)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)場(chang)以探(tan)(tan)求(qiu)新法(fa)(fa)及新案(an)為目(mu)標(biao)，調(diao)查福建(jian)省水(shui)(shui)產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)展情(qing)形(xing)，開展關于水(shui)(shui)生生物(wu)(wu)及海(hai)洋(yang)湖(hu)沼學(xue)術(shu)研(yan)(yan)(yan)究，應(ying)用(yong)科學(xue)手段進行水(shui)(shui)產(chan)技(ji)術(shu)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，從事魚(yu)苗孵化放流試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)，提高水(shui)(shui)產(chan)行業(ye)相關人員的(de)技(ji)術(shu)水(shui)(shui)平；研(yan)(yan)(yan)究海(hai)洋(yang)探(tan)(tan)險新途徑，改良漁(yu)(yu)業(ye)捕(bu)撈(lao)技(ji)術(shu)，改造(zao)先進漁(yu)(yu)船，宣傳模范漁(yu)(yu)民優(you)秀事跡；研(yan)(yan)(yan)究水(shui)(shui)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)如(ru)何(he)利用(yong)及貯藏辦法(fa)(fa)等。雖(sui)然水(shui)(shui)產(chan)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)場(chang)的(de)設(she)(she)立(li)，可以解決長期困擾漁(yu)(yu)民的(de)諸多難題，但(dan)需(xu)要巨額經(jing)費長久支撐才能(neng)顯現成績，而這(zhe)是福建(jian)省當時面(mian)臨的(de)難題之一(yi)。

（三(san)）籌設漁業講(jiang)習所

開啟民(min)智、培(pei)養(yang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才是振興漁(yu)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)關鍵一(yi)步(bu)。民(min)國時(shi)期(qi)，福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)漁(yu)民(min)因(yin)長期(qi)閉(bi)塞，導致(zhi)其愚昧淺陋，缺乏現代知(zhi)識。1944年的(de)(de)(de)《新(xin)福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)》有載(zai)，福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)沿海漁(yu)民(min)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)數不下(xia)(xia)六七十(shi)萬，其中(zhong)十(shi)有八九屬于文盲，素(su)不知(zhi)政(zheng)治、經(jing)濟、教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)為(wei)何事，以(yi)(yi)言團結抗(kang)敵(di)及民(min)生(sheng)民(min)族各(ge)主義(yi)，多數不能了(le)解”。漁(yu)民(min)素(su)質低下(xia)(xia)，經(jing)營水產(chan)事業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)專門人(ren)(ren)(ren)才更(geng)是寥寥無幾。福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)府雖辦(ban)有集美高級水產(chan)航(hang)海學(xue)校(xiao)，但過分重(zhong)視課本教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)，忽(hu)視了(le)學(xue)生(sheng)實地調(diao)查和練習能力的(de)(de)(de)培(pei)養(yang)，導致(zhi)學(xue)生(sheng)畢業(ye)后大多淪為(wei)“高等游民(min)”。故福建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)彼時(shi)積極(ji)籌設漁(yu)業(ye)講習所，配合高校(xiao)，培(pei)養(yang)了(le)知(zhi)行合一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)才。漁(yu)業(ye)講習所設立后，改弦更(geng)張，更(geng)強(qiang)調(diao)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)實用(yong)性，將靜態(tai)學(xue)理教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)(yu)(yu)改為(wei)動態(tai)科學(xue)研究，形(xing)成“以(yi)(yi)用(yong)為(wei)主、以(yi)(yi)學(xue)為(wei)實”的(de)(de)(de)純樸學(xue)風。講習所定期(qi)派遣學(xue)生(sheng)為(wei)漁(yu)民(min)講習，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)開闊了(le)漁(yu)民(min)眼界(jie)，另一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)加強(qiang)了(le)學(xue)生(sheng)與漁(yu)民(min)之間的(de)(de)(de)交流，從而達(da)到(dao)共同進步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。

（四）合理規劃布局(ju)漁(yu)區

在省(sheng)、縣、區(qu)(qu)(qu)三級漁(yu)(yu)業行政(zheng)組織管(guan)(guan)理體(ti)制基礎(chu)上，福(fu)建省(sheng)將(jiang)沿(yan)海(hai)漁(yu)(yu)場劃(hua)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)(wei)4區(qu)(qu)(qu)。第(di)1區(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)三沙灣漁(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)，以(yi)寧德縣三都澳為(wei)(wei)(wei)中心，管(guan)(guan)理區(qu)(qu)(qu)域自福(fu)建省(sheng)浙(zhe)江省(sheng)交界(jie)的沙埕灣到連(lian)江縣東(dong)岱鎮，囊括了飛鸞、寧德、白石(shi)、三沙、東(dong)沖(chong)等內港。第(di)2區(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)興(xing)化灣區(qu)(qu)(qu)，管(guan)(guan)理區(qu)(qu)(qu)域自長樂縣到平(ping)海(hai)鎮。其周圍(wei)小(xiao)島(dao)眾多(duo)(duo)，島(dao)嶼及水道風平(ping)浪靜(jing)(jing)，定(ding)泊佳地較多(duo)(duo)。第(di)3區(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)廈(sha)門(men)(men)港及泉州灣區(qu)(qu)(qu)，管(guan)(guan)轄(xia)漁(yu)(yu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)自崇武鎮至海(hai)澄鎮一線。廈(sha)門(men)(men)港水深風靜(jing)(jing)，利于碇泊，漁(yu)(yu)業發達(da)。第(di)4區(qu)(qu)(qu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)詔安灣區(qu)(qu)(qu)，以(yi)銅山(shan)島(dao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中心，管(guan)(guan)轄(xia)福(fu)建省(sheng)廣(guang)東(dong)省(sheng)交界(jie)之雞簟角至定(ding)臺灣。

（五）設立漁(yu)民經濟(ji)機關

漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)振興還須(xu)注重漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資金(jin)(jin)流(liu)(liu)通。漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)欲擴大(da)(da)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、改(gai)進漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)船，須(xu)有大(da)(da)量資金(jin)(jin)才能(neng)實現，因(yin)而(er)福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省政(zheng)府(fu)當時(shi)推(tui)出了“低利(li)貸(dai)借(jie)(jie)”，撥付專(zhuan)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)或(huo)飭令(ling)地方(fang)籌備公(gong)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)基金(jin)(jin)，并指定銀(yin)行(xing)保(bao)管及借(jie)(jie)貸(dai)，允許漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)富(fu)裕后(hou)再(zai)予償(chang)還，在一定程(cheng)度(du)上支持了漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)擴大(da)(da)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。但為(wei)防止(zhi)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)將借(jie)(jie)貸(dai)資金(jin)(jin)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于他處，福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省專(zhuan)門(men)規定借(jie)(jie)貸(dai)資金(jin)(jin)的用(yong)(yong)(yong)途范(fan)圍，要求漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)必須(xu)專(zhuan)款(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)專(zhuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。政(zheng)府(fu)設(she)立(li)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)金(jin)(jin)融機(ji)關后(hou)，漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)可以免受魚行(xing)壟斷。福(fu)(fu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)省積極籌設(she)經濟(ji)研究所，負(fu)(fu)責調查漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)經營狀況(kuang)、漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)船保(bao)險制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)、漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)資金(jin)(jin)流(liu)(liu)轉、借(jie)(jie)貸(dai)方(fang)法、水產(chan)(chan)倉庫設(she)置、水陸交通聯絡、鮮魚交易市(shi)場(chang)設(she)立(li)等(deng)(deng)事宜，謀求改(gai)善漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)經濟(ji)，從而(er)使“漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)能(neng)盡(jin)量發揮(hui)本能(neng)”。當時(shi)政(zheng)府(fu)還主張盡(jin)快設(she)立(li)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)合作社，鼓勵大(da)(da)家(jia)共(gong)同(tong)經營，增(zeng)進合作社員的利(li)益，同(tong)時(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)全體漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)的生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)活動。合作社主要負(fu)(fu)責五項具體事務。一是(shi)增(zeng)進生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)量。包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)具漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)船改(gai)良、魚族(zu)保(bao)護與(yu)(yu)繁殖(zhi)、誘魚林保(bao)護、漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)場(chang)維持等(deng)(deng)。二(er)是(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獲物價(jia)值(zhi)。包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造品共(gong)同(tong)販賣經營，冷(leng)藏庫、冰庫設(she)備共(gong)同(tong)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)，漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)獲物或(huo)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造品共(gong)同(tong)運(yun)輸等(deng)(deng)。三是(shi)增(zeng)加(jia)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)資產(chan)(chan)及購(gou)買力。包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)上所需材料及制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造用(yong)(yong)(yong)原料等(deng)(deng)購(gou)買，開(kai)(kai)展貯蓄、副業(ye)之獎勵，代漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)向水產(chan)(chan)金(jin)(jin)融機(ji)關貸(dai)借(jie)(jie)資金(jin)(jin)等(deng)(deng)。四是(shi)意外(wai)之預防與(yu)(yu)救(jiu)濟(ji)。包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造避風港，購(gou)置航(hang)路(lu)標(biao)識、燈臺及暴(bao)風警(jing)報等(deng)(deng)設(she)備，提供遭險救(jiu)濟(ji)，給(gei)予漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)船及漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)生(sheng)(sheng)命簡易保(bao)險等(deng)(deng)。五是(shi)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)教育(yu)及漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)村公(gong)益事業(ye)。包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)開(kai)(kai)辦漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)學校及水產(chan)(chan)講習會，創設(she)簡易圖書館及公(gong)共(gong)娛樂場(chang)、醫(yi)院及公(gong)共(gong)衛生(sheng)(sheng)設(she)施，開(kai)(kai)展漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)(min)(min)(min)惡習矯正(zheng)與(yu)(yu)糾紛調停，制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定分紅(hong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)及改(gai)善漁(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)工制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度(du)等(deng)(deng)。

（六(liu)）減(jian)輕(qing)漁民負(fu)擔、提高魚價

振(zhen)興漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)，減輕漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)賦稅(shui)(shui)壓力亦為(wei)(wei)一端。民(min)(min)國(guo)時(shi)期，沿海(hai)(hai)諸省(sheng)(sheng)普(pu)遍(bian)對(dui)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)征收(shou)魚(yu)(yu)稅(shui)(shui)、牙(ya)稅(shui)(shui)及(ji)各種附加稅(shui)(shui)。繁重的(de)(de)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)稅(shui)(shui)使得原(yuan)本(ben)獲(huo)利微薄的(de)(de)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)生(sheng)活難(nan)以(yi)為(wei)(wei)繼。有史料記載(zai)，福(fu)建(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)“查魚(yu)(yu)稅(shui)(shui)一項，每年由商承包(bao)35萬元(yuan)左右(you)，定魚(yu)(yu)價值(zhi)百(bai)抽五。牙(ya)稅(shui)(shui)則包(bao)商10余萬元(yuan)，直(zhi)百(bai)抽三。”其中，尤以(yi)海(hai)(hai)鹽稅(shui)(shui)最為(wei)(wei)繁重。在冷藏事業(ye)及(ji)交通運輸欠發達的(de)(de)情況下，海(hai)(hai)鹽是當時(shi)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)領域(yu)能采用的(de)(de)唯一防腐(fu)劑，對(dui)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)極(ji)為(wei)(wei)重要。鄰省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)江(jiang)浙(zhe)每擔只賣(mai)七八角(jiao)左右(you)，但福(fu)建(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)內每擔竟賣(mai)至2元(yuan)2角(jiao)以(yi)上(shang)，相差近三倍。1931年，國(guo)民(min)(min)政(zheng)府提(ti)出(chu)廢除魚(yu)(yu)稅(shui)(shui)，福(fu)建(jian)省(sheng)(sheng)政(zheng)府同(tong)時(shi)提(ti)高魚(yu)(yu)價，使漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)有利可(ke)圖，并在各重要漁(yu)(yu)(yu)區設置冰廠，供給漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)保鮮之用，保證鮮魚(yu)(yu)價值(zhi)，提(ti)高漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)(min)收(shou)入。政(zheng)府還投(tou)資建(jian)立魚(yu)(yu)產制造廠，將(jiang)魚(yu)(yu)制作為(wei)(wei)成品(pin)出(chu)售(shou)，避(bi)免鮮活魚(yu)(yu)類銷售(shou)過剩，更便于對(dui)外輸出(chu)，抵(di)御(yu)外來(lai)魚(yu)(yu)制品(pin)的(de)(de)傾銷。

（七(qi)）綏(sui)靖海氛、保護漁(yu)民

海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)盜劫(jie)掠是導致(zhi)民(min)國福建(jian)(jian)(jian)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)衰落的重(zhong)要(yao)原因之一(yi)(yi)。福建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)政(zheng)府(fu)為確保漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)出海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)捕(bu)(bu)撈安(an)全，特令水(shui)上(shang)警(jing)(jing)察承(cheng)擔護(hu)(hu)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)任務(wu)。1934年(nian)，福建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)不僅(jin)斥巨資8萬(wan)從海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)軍購(gou)進“海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)鷗”“海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)鳧”兩艘炮艇交(jiao)付水(shui)警(jing)(jing)第一(yi)(yi)大隊調(diao)遣，并專(zhuan)門擬定十一(yi)(yi)條水(shui)警(jing)(jing)護(hu)(hu)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)辦法。福建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)政(zheng)府(fu)要(yao)求水(shui)警(jing)(jing)設(she)立(li)(li)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)防(fang)通(tong)訊(xun)組，負責偵探漁(yu)(yu)(yu)區匪(fei)情、聯絡接洽相關事(shi)務(wu)、考察維(wei)護(hu)(hu)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)商、編(bian)列漁(yu)(yu)(yu)輪號碼、報告氣候等(deng)各項事(shi)宜。船(chuan)艦在(zai)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)區巡(xun)弋警(jing)(jing)備，有海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)盜侵害(hai)時，立(li)(li)即實(shi)施(shi)追捕(bu)(bu)，或協同附近漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)自(zi)衛團(tuan)會剿。除實(shi)行上(shang)述振(zhen)興漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)措施(shi)外，福建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)還通(tong)過設(she)立(li)(li)遠洋漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)公(gong)司、獎勵水(shui)產(chan)制造、籌設(she)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)船(chuan)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)具(ju)制造廠、在(zai)沿海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)各漁(yu)(yu)(yu)村(cun)設(she)立(li)(li)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)小學等(deng)方式，積極探索復興漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)新(xin)出路。筆者(zhe)利用自(zi)身了解的福建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)歷史文化，向廣(guang)大讀者(zhe)分享這(zhe)段(duan)史海(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)遺珠，以文化為紐帶，為新(xin)時代漁(yu)(yu)(yu)業(ye)文化歷史的傳播添磚加瓦。

作者：余靜林