導語：小洞(dong)徑混凝(ning)土襯砌(qi)施工技術研究一文來源于網(wang)友上(shang)傳，不代表本(ben)站觀點(dian)，若(ruo)需要原創文章可咨詢(xun)客服老師，歡迎(ying)參考。

［摘要］水利工(gong)程引(yin)水隧洞工(gong)程，如何在現有(you)技術(shu)(shu)條件(jian)下，提高(gao)隧道混凝土襯砌速度(du)和質(zhi)量，提高(gao)施工(gong)效率成為施工(gong)的(de)難點。文(wen)章以大風口水庫引(yin)水隧道為例，經過施工(gong)手段和技術(shu)(shu)方法(fa)改進，通過實踐和總結，研究(jiu)制定了一(yi)套行之有(you)效的(de)施工(gong)方案，解決(jue)了這個問題。

［關鍵詞］小洞徑；混凝土襯砌；技術應用

水利工程引水隧洞工程通常由于斷面小、施工距離長，往(wang)往(wang)施(shi)工(gong)功(gong)效(xiao)低，混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土襯砌質(zhi)量難以保證。文中通過對該工(gong)程的(de)大量實(shi)踐和(he)總(zong)結，經過施(shi)工(gong)手段(duan)和(he)技術方法的(de)改良，形成了一套(tao)行之有效(xiao)的(de)小洞徑(jing)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土施(shi)工(gong)方案。

1項目概況

綏中大風口水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫應急供水(shui)(shui)(shui)工程(cheng)引水(shui)(shui)(shui)隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)工程(cheng)，進口位于大壩下游右(you)岸的山坡(po)上，底(di)高(gao)程(cheng)為(wei)106.0m，隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)出口連通大風口水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫，底(di)高(gao)程(cheng)為(wei)105.5m坡(po)降i=0.08‰。引水(shui)(shui)(shui)隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)全長為(wei)6.295km，圓拱直(zhi)墻(qiang)式斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，主要為(wei)III、IV、V類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)巖。其中III類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)巖開(kai)挖斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)為(wei)寬(kuan)2.6m，高(gao)3.6m，混凝土襯(chen)砌厚度30cm；IV、V類(lei)圍(wei)(wei)巖開(kai)挖斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)為(wei)寬(kuan)3.2m，高(gao)4.1m，混凝土襯(chen)砌厚度50cm。混凝土襯(chen)砌后(hou)，斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)寬(kuan)2.0m，高(gao)3.0m，噴錨襯(chen)砌斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)寬(kuan)2.8m，高(gao)3.0m。屬特小(xiao)斷面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)室。為(wei)增加隧(sui)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)施工作(zuo)業面(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，分(fen)別在(zai)樁號K2+017和K3+799處(chu)布(bu)置(zhi)施工支洞(dong)(dong)(dong)，支洞(dong)(dong)(dong)寬(kuan)4m、高(gao)3m，坡(po)比分(fen)別為(wei)45.66%和32.5%的斜井。

2施工難點

2.1混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)襯砌臺車(che)進出洞(dong)困(kun)(kun)難斷(duan)面小(xiao)，距(ju)離長(chang)，轉彎(wan)(wan)多（4個），轉角(jiao)大(da)（22.23°），鋼模臺車(che)洞(dong)內安裝(zhuang)、行走、轉彎(wan)(wan)困(kun)(kun)難。2.2小(xiao)斷(duan)面，材料轉運(yun)(yun)(yun)和混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)入倉困(kun)(kun)難鋼筋(jin)、模板等材料轉運(yun)(yun)(yun)和隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)襯砌澆筑入倉，由(you)于(yu)距(ju)離長(chang)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)斷(duan)面小(xiao)，不適宜采用大(da)型(xing)車(che)輛(liang)和混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)攪拌罐車(che)進行運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)，采用小(xiao)型(xing)三輪車(che)和混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)攪拌罐車(che)利用避車(che)道會(hui)車(che)，長(chang)距(ju)離倒車(che)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)工(gong)效(xiao)低(di)，直(zhi)接影響了施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)效(xiao)率。2.3通(tong)風除塵難隧(sui)(sui)洞(dong)洞(dong)身長(chang)且施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)業面小(xiao)，洞(dong)內空氣(qi)流通(tong)差。洞(dong)內車(che)輛(liang)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸產(chan)生的尾(wei)氣(qi)和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)電氣(qi)焊產(chan)生的氣(qi)體導致洞(dong)內空氣(qi)質量(liang)差，為確保作(zuo)業人(ren)員健(jian)康必須采取有效(xiao)措(cuo)施(shi)(shi)(shi)。

3總體方案

隧洞混凝土襯砌(qi)(qi)采(cai)用先澆筑底板(ban)、矮邊墻(qiang)(qiang)，后鋼模臺車襯砌(qi)(qi)側(ce)墻(qiang)(qiang)、頂拱的二次澆注成形施(shi)工方法。為加快施(shi)工進(jin)度，采(cai)取底板(ban)、矮邊墻(qiang)(qiang)超(chao)前側(ce)墻(qiang)(qiang)、頂拱三倉的方式連續施(shi)工，減少混凝土澆筑后底板(ban)硬(ying)化等待時間。

4小洞徑混凝土襯砌施工技術

4.1鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)加工(gong)(gong)。考慮洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)徑(jing)小(xiao)，鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)長(chang)(chang)(chang)，鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)加工(gong)(gong)采用(yong)鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)彎曲(qu)機等設(she)(she)備在(zai)(zai)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)外加工(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)后(hou)(hou)轉運(yun)(yun)進洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，轉運(yun)(yun)過程中設(she)(she)置(zhi)泡沫(mo)墊板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)等加強對鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)保(bao)護。鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)采用(yong)三(san)點(dian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)城門洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)斷面(mian)特點(dian)，首先測(ce)量放(fang)樣(yang)在(zai)(zai)頂(ding)點(dian)和(he)(he)兩(liang)側各2m高起(qi)拱點(dian)處設(she)(she)置(zhi)三(san)條(tiao)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)線，然后(hou)(hou)在(zai)(zai)矮(ai)邊(bian)墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)標(biao)記(ji)鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)間(jian)距，作(zuo)業人(ren)員將成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)后(hou)(hou)的(de)鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，在(zai)(zai)三(san)條(tiao)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)線和(he)(he)標(biao)記(ji)處綁扎固(gu)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，該方(fang)(fang)(fang)法能有效解(jie)決斷面(mian)尺(chi)寸控制(zhi)難和(he)(he)鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)尺(chi)寸控制(zhi)問(wen)題問(wen)題。4.2模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)加固(gu)及(ji)(ji)振搗。底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、矮(ai)邊(bian)墻(qiang)(qiang)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)襯(chen)砌厚度(du)選擇300mm寬、2000mm長(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)組(zu)合(he)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，鋼(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)后(hou)(hou)，采取內(nei)拉外撐方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)加固(gu)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)過程中定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)不定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)檢查模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)變形情況及(ji)(ji)時(shi)進行(xing)維修或更換處理。由于底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)(he)矮(ai)邊(bian)墻(qiang)(qiang)須一次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)，澆(jiao)筑時(shi)先澆(jiao)筑底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，再回頭澆(jiao)筑矮(ai)邊(bian)墻(qiang)(qiang)，縮短(duan)底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)硬化等待時(shi)間(jian)。側墻(qiang)(qiang)、頂(ding)拱采用(yong)一次成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)的(de)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)車(che)(che)(che)(che)加固(gu)，臺(tai)(tai)(tai)車(che)(che)(che)(che)端頭模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)及(ji)(ji)止水帶安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)采用(yong)人(ren)工(gong)(gong)支模(mo)(mo)封堵，預(yu)留(liu)孔(kong)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)觀(guan)察(cha)澆(jiao)筑進程，臺(tai)(tai)(tai)車(che)(che)(che)(che)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)前在(zai)(zai)矮(ai)邊(bian)墻(qiang)(qiang)上(shang)黏貼2mm厚雙面(mian)膠或土工(gong)(gong)織物(wu)，避免(mian)錯臺(tai)(tai)(tai)。臺(tai)(tai)(tai)車(che)(che)(che)(che)由廠(chang)家根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)設(she)(she)計圖(tu)紙(zhi)生(sheng)產后(hou)(hou)運(yun)(yun)至洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)進行(xing)組(zu)裝(zhuang)，安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)成(cheng)(cheng)型(xing)后(hou)(hou)具(ju)有剛度(du)大、安(an)(an)(an)拆(chai)模(mo)(mo)快、整體(ti)性(xing)好(hao)等顯著特點(dian)。針對轉彎轉角(jiao)處，采取人(ren)工(gong)(gong)支模(mo)(mo)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，側墻(qiang)(qiang)和(he)(he)底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)采取寬300mm、長(chang)(chang)(chang)2000mm和(he)(he)寬100mm、長(chang)(chang)(chang)1000mm的(de)組(zu)合(he)鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)；頂(ding)拱采用(yong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)整體(ti)半圓(yuan)形鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)，長(chang)(chang)(chang)1000mm，厚5mm，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)現場轉角(jiao)大小(xiao)現場切割后(hou)(hou)拼裝(zhuang)。經過現場實踐(jian)，整體(ti)半圓(yuan)形鋼(gang)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)較(jiao)拼裝(zhuang)小(xiao)塊鋼(gang)模(mo)(mo)襯(chen)砌效果好(hao)，且裝(zhuang)、拆(chai)方(fang)(fang)(fang)便。4.3混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土運(yun)(yun)輸、澆(jiao)筑和(he)(he)振搗。由于洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)徑(jing)較(jiao)小(xiao)，混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土罐(guan)車(che)(che)(che)(che)廠(chang)家沒(mei)有該類罐(guan)車(che)(che)(che)(che)生(sheng)產，單獨定(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)本太高。為(wei)(wei)此，創造(zao)性(xing)采用(yong)山輪(lun)車(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)攪拌罐(guan)結(jie)合(he)的(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)(shi)，利用(yong)山輪(lun)車(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)身(shen)并定(ding)(ding)(ding)制(zhi)攪拌罐(guan)現場組(zu)裝(zhuang)，罐(guan)車(che)(che)(che)(che)方(fang)(fang)(fang)量為(wei)(wei)1.2m3，該方(fang)(fang)(fang)案不僅解(jie)決了車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)(liang)寬度(du)和(he)(he)高度(du)問(wen)題，還解(jie)決了混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土長(chang)(chang)(chang)距離運(yun)(yun)輸過程中的(de)攪拌問(wen)題。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)每(mei)200m左(zuo)右設(she)(she)置(zhi)避車(che)(che)(che)(che)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)會車(che)(che)(che)(che)，根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)現場實踐(jian)，每(mei)公里配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)3臺(tai)(tai)(tai)比較(jiao)經濟合(he)理。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土運(yun)(yun)至倉(cang)位(wei)后(hou)(hou)，采取混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土輸送(song)泵(beng)(beng)泵(beng)(beng)送(song)入倉(cang)。底板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土采用(yong)ϕ50mm和(he)(he)ϕ100mm混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土震動棒及(ji)(ji)平板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)振搗器澆(jiao)筑。側墻(qiang)(qiang)及(ji)(ji)頂(ding)拱采用(yong)ϕ50mm插入式(shi)(shi)搗固(gu)棒配(pei)(pei)合(he)附著式(shi)(shi)振搗器搗固(gu)，觀(guan)察(cha)窗以下采用(yong)插入式(shi)(shi)搗固(gu)棒振搗。4.4通風(feng)(feng)(feng)。洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)采用(yong)軸流式(shi)(shi)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)機和(he)(he)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)(liang)尾氣排(pai)放(fang)控制(zhi)相結(jie)合(he)的(de)辦法。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)(ju)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)長(chang)(chang)(chang)每(mei)500m左(zuo)右設(she)(she)置(zhi)軸流式(shi)(shi)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)機一臺(tai)(tai)(tai)往外排(pai)煙，另外在(zai)(zai)每(mei)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)車(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)(liang)尾氣排(pai)放(fang)出(chu)口處設(she)(she)置(zhi)改(gai)裝(zhuang)后(hou)(hou)的(de)過濾水箱，尾氣通過水箱后(hou)(hou)再排(pai)放(fang)，有效降低了尾氣濃度(du)，洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)環境大為(wei)(wei)改(gai)善，同時(shi)為(wei)(wei)作(zuo)業人(ren)員配(pei)(pei)備必要的(de)防護口罩。

5總結

通過對小(xiao)洞(dong)徑(jing)混(hun)凝土襯砌的實踐和總結，針(zhen)對底板超前邊墻(qiang)頂拱澆筑、鋼模臺車的運用、轉(zhuan)彎轉(zhuan)角處整體鋼板使用、混(hun)凝土罐(guan)車組裝等(deng)手段，不僅(jin)有(you)效解(jie)決了(le)施工難點，而且提高了(le)施工進(jin)度，降低了(le)成本。

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作者:馬秀(xiu)梅 單(dan)位:沈陽興禹水利(li)建設工程質量檢測有限公司