導語：建筑邊(bian)坡(po)工程技(ji)術標準建設發展方(fang)向一文(wen)來源于(yu)網(wang)友(you)上傳，不代(dai)表本站觀點，若需要原創(chuang)文(wen)章可咨詢客服老師，歡迎參考。

摘要：重慶市地處山區，建筑工程和市政基礎設施工程建設中存在大量的建筑邊坡工程，建筑邊坡工程的質量與安全關系到廣大人民群眾切身利益。特別是2001年武隆邊坡垮塌事件后，重慶市住房和城鄉建設委員會組織有關單位開展了建筑邊坡工程相關技術標準的編制工作，重慶市建筑科學研究院有限公司在建筑邊坡工程技術標準體系的構建上開展了大量的研究工作，主編和參編了建筑邊坡工程國家、行業和地方標準，相應標準在重慶市建筑邊坡工程建設中發揮了重要作用。該文介紹了建筑邊坡工程標準體系的構建及已完成的相應技術標準，探討了后期標準建設的發展方向，供工程(cheng)技術人員和政(zheng)府部門有關人員參考、借鑒。

關鍵詞：建筑邊坡；標準(zhun)化法；技術標準(zhun)

重慶(qing)(qing)市(shi)(shi)地(di)處山區，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)基礎設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中存(cun)在(zai)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量、安(an)(an)全(quan)與正(zheng)常使用(yong)關(guan)系到千家萬戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)切身利(li)益。既(ji)有(you)(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)全(quan)性(xing)涉及(ji)到人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)群眾的(de)(de)(de)(de)切身利(li)益和生命財產安(an)(an)全(quan)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題，不(bu)同時期(qi)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)因各種原因造(zao)成既(ji)有(you)(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)存(cun)在(zai)安(an)(an)全(quan)隱患的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題也是(shi)廣(guang)大(da)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)群眾關(guan)心(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)焦點(dian)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題。隨著人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)群眾法律意識的(de)(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)強及(ji)我(wo)國法制(zhi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)進(jin)(jin)步，當前(qian)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量及(ji)安(an)(an)全(quan)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題的(de)(de)(de)(de)投訴和司(si)法糾(jiu)紛事(shi)件有(you)(you)逐步增(zeng)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)趨勢，為(wei)了(le)(le)解決建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安(an)(an)全(quan)性(xing)問(wen)(wen)(wen)題，勢必需要開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質量、性(xing)能等的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)測與鑒(jian)定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，特(te)別是(shi)當前(qian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)領域建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位未嚴格履行(xing)基本建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)序，先行(xing)開(kai)(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)，而后通過“施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量檢(jian)測”或(huo)“安(an)(an)全(quan)性(xing)鑒(jian)定(ding)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式確(que)定(ding)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量或(huo)安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)有(you)(you)增(zeng)多趨勢。從歷史發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)角度考(kao)慮，特(te)別是(shi)2001年武隆邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)垮塌事(shi)件后，重慶(qing)(qing)市(shi)(shi)住房和城鄉(xiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)委(wei)員(yuan)會先后出臺了(le)(le)若干建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)管理的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)關(guan)文(wen)(wen)件，且組織(zhi)相關(guan)單(dan)位開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。為(wei)此(ci)，重慶(qing)(qing)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)科(ke)學研究(jiu)院(yuan)有(you)(you)限公(gong)司(si)（原重慶(qing)(qing)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)科(ke)學研究(jiu)院(yuan)）在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系的(de)(de)(de)(de)構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上開(kai)(kai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)了(le)(le)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，主編(bian)(bian)和參編(bian)(bian)了(le)(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)國家、行(xing)業和地(di)方(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)[1-9]，相應(ying)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)在(zai)重慶(qing)(qing)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)中發(fa)揮了(le)(le)重要作(zuo)用(yong)。本文(wen)(wen)介紹了(le)(le)重慶(qing)(qing)市(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)科(ke)學研究(jiu)院(yuan)有(you)(you)限公(gong)司(si)在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系構建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)及(ji)技術標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)所(suo)做的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，探討了(le)(le)今后建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)體系建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)方(fang)向(xiang)，供工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技術人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)和政(zheng)府(fu)部門有(you)(you)關(guan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)員(yuan)參考(kao)、借鑒(jian)。

1制(zhi)定技術標準的有關規定

《中華人民共和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)》[10]關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)于標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)如(ru)下(xia)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)：第(di)(di)二條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)本(ben)法(fa)(fa)所稱標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)（含標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)樣品(pin)(pin)），是指農業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、工業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、服(fu)務(wu)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)以及社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)事業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)領域需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)包(bao)括(kuo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、地方(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)分為強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、地方(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)必(bi)須執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)鼓(gu)(gu)勵采用(yong)(yong)(yong)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。第(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)對(dui)(dui)保障人身(shen)健康(kang)和生(sheng)命財產(chan)安(an)(an)全(quan)、國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)安(an)(an)全(quan)、生(sheng)態環(huan)境安(an)(an)全(quan)以及滿(man)(man)足(zu)經濟社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)管(guan)理基本(ben)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，應(ying)當制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)……強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)由(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)或(huo)(huo)者授權批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。第(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)對(dui)(dui)滿(man)(man)足(zu)基礎通(tong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)、與(yu)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)配套、對(dui)(dui)各有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)起引領作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，可以制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)由(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)。第(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)對(dui)(dui)沒有(you)(you)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)某個(ge)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)范圍內統一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，可以制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)由(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，報(bao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)備案。第(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三(san)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)為滿(man)(man)足(zu)地方(fang)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件、風(feng)俗(su)習(xi)慣等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)特(te)殊技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，可以制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)地方(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)……第(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七(qi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)文(wen)本(ben)應(ying)當免(mian)(mian)費向(xiang)(xiang)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公開(kai)(kai)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)動(dong)免(mian)(mian)費向(xiang)(xiang)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公開(kai)(kai)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)文(wen)本(ben)。第(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)鼓(gu)(gu)勵學(xue)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、協(xie)(xie)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、商會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、聯合會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)聯盟等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)共同(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)滿(man)(man)足(zu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)和創新(xin)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，由(you)本(ben)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)成員約定(ding)(ding)(ding)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)或(huo)(huo)者按(an)照本(ben)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)供(gong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)愿采用(yong)(yong)(yong)……第(di)(di)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)九條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)可以根據需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)行(xing)(xing)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，或(huo)(huo)者與(yu)其(qi)他企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)聯合制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。第(di)(di)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、地方(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)不得低于強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)鼓(gu)(gu)勵社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)高于推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。第(di)(di)二十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)二條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)……禁止利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)實施妨礙(ai)(ai)商品(pin)(pin)、服(fu)務(wu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)流通(tong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)排除、限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為。第(di)(di)三(san)十(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)任何單位(wei)或(huo)(huo)者個(ge)人有(you)(you)權向(xiang)(xiang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)、有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)舉報(bao)、投訴違(wei)反本(ben)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為……筆者認(ren)為標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)法(fa)(fa)對(dui)(dui)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)有(you)(you)如(ru)下(xia)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)點：（1）標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分類：①標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)包(bao)括(kuo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、地方(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)和團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；②國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)分為強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、地方(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)是推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；③強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)必(bi)須執(zhi)行(xing)(xing)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)鼓(gu)(gu)勵采用(yong)(yong)(yong)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。（2）標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)獲取渠道：①強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)文(wen)本(ben)應(ying)當免(mian)(mian)費向(xiang)(xiang)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公開(kai)(kai)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)動(dong)免(mian)(mian)費向(xiang)(xiang)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)公開(kai)(kai)推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)文(wen)本(ben)；②國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)鼓(gu)(gu)勵學(xue)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、協(xie)(xie)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、商會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、聯合會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)、產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)聯盟等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)協(xie)(xie)調(diao)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)共同(tong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)滿(man)(man)足(zu)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)和創新(xin)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，由(you)本(ben)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)成員約定(ding)(ding)(ding)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)或(huo)(huo)者按(an)照本(ben)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)供(gong)社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)愿采用(yong)(yong)(yong)。（3）標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)：①推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、地方(fang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)不得低于強(qiang)(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)；②國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)鼓(gu)(gu)勵社(she)(she)(she)(she)會(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)高于推(tui)(tui)(tui)(tui)薦(jian)(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)、企(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；③禁止利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)實施妨礙(ai)(ai)商品(pin)(pin)、服(fu)務(wu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)由(you)流通(tong)等(deng)(deng)(deng)(deng)排除、限制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)競爭(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為。（4）標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)有(you)(you)效期：標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復審周(zhou)期一(yi)般不超過(guo)五年。（5）標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)監(jian)督：任何單位(wei)或(huo)(huo)者個(ge)人有(you)(you)權向(xiang)(xiang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)、有(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)主管(guan)部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)舉報(bao)、投訴違(wei)反本(ben)法(fa)(fa)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為。

2建筑(zhu)邊坡工程技術(shu)標(biao)準的構建及實踐

2.1建筑邊坡(po)工程技術標準的(de)構(gou)建

在重慶市(shi)多家(jia)單(dan)位共同努力(li)下(xia)，為建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化體(ti)系的構建(jian)(jian)(jian)創造了(le)良好的外部環境條件(jian)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化體(ti)系至少包含如(ru)下(xia)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)：（1）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)勘察技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；（2）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；（3）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)加固(gu)設(she)計標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；（4）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；（5）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量(liang)驗收標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；（6）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)檢(jian)測技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；（7）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)安全性鑒(jian)定標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；（8）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)監測技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)；（9）建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)邊(bian)(bian)(bian)坡(po)(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)環境保護(hu)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)（設(she)計、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)及驗收等）。

2.2建(jian)筑邊坡工程(cheng)技(ji)術標準制定的實(shi)重慶市建(jian)筑科學(xue)研究(jiu)院有限(xian)公司(si)

近20年在建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)邊坡(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)系(xi)列(lie)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)編制工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)中作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)(chu)了突出(chu)(chu)貢獻，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)邊坡(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)體(ti)系(xi)的構(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)基(ji)本完成，已完成的技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)如表1所示。與建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)邊坡(po)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設(she)計、施工(gong)(gong)、驗收等(deng)有關的其他技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)有《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)基(ji)坑支護(hu)設(she)計規(gui)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)》（JGJ120—2012）、《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)地基(ji)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)計規(gui)范(fan)》（GB50007—2011）、《巖土錨固(gu)與噴射混凝(ning)土支護(hu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》（GB50086—2015）、《混凝(ning)土結構(gou)(gou)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)規(gui)范(fan)》（GB50666—2011）、《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)地基(ji)基(ji)礎(chu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)規(gui)范(fan)》（GB51004—2015）、《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)樁(zhuang)基(ji)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)范(fan)》（JGJ94—2008）、《建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)安全資料管理標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)》（DBJ50/T-291—2018）等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。

3建筑邊坡(po)工程技術(shu)標準編制(zhi)相關問題探討

邊(bian)坡(po)（含基坑）工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設因涉(she)及(ji)(ji)到(dao)不同(tong)的(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)設行業(ye)(ye)和建(jian)(jian)設領(ling)域，為(wei)此，針對邊(bian)坡(po)工程(cheng)(cheng)我(wo)國(guo)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)了(le)不同(tong)的(de)(de)現行國(guo)家、行業(ye)(ye)和地方標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，各類涉(she)及(ji)(ji)到(dao)邊(bian)坡(po)工程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)因編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)單位、應用領(ling)域的(de)(de)差(cha)異(yi)，技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)對邊(bian)坡(po)工程(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設的(de)(de)約定各不相(xiang)同(tong)，應引(yin)起(qi)工程(cheng)(cheng)技術(shu)(shu)人員重視。為(wei)了(le)有利于建(jian)(jian)筑邊(bian)坡(po)工程(cheng)(cheng)技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)掌握(wo)和應用，筆者與有關(guan)同(tong)志編(bian)(bian)著了(le)若干(gan)書籍[11-14]供相(xiang)關(guan)工程(cheng)(cheng)技術(shu)(shu)人員參考(kao)。此外，關(guan)于標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)使用、修(xiu)訂等問(wen)題有如下探討。

3.1標準的定位與選用問題

工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)辦(ban)法[15]（中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人民共和國(guo)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)部令，第(di)25號，1992年12月30日，文(wen)(wen)件現繼(ji)續(xu)有(you)效(xiao)）對住房和城鄉建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)編制、修訂(ding)及屬性有(you)如下(xia)(xia)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)：第(di)六條(tiao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)不(bu)(bu)得(de)與(yu)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)抵觸(chu)。有(you)關行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)之間應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)協調、統一(yi)，避(bi)復(fu)。第(di)十條(tiao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)某(mou)些(xie)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)與(yu)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)致時，必須有(you)充分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)依(yi)據和理(li)(li)(li)由，經國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)審(shen)批(pi)部門批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)。行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)實(shi)施后(hou)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)及時修訂(ding)或廢(fei)止。第(di)十一(yi)條(tiao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)實(shi)施后(hou)，該標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)部門應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)根據科(ke)(ke)學(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展和工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際需要(yao)適時進(jin)行(xing)(xing)復(fu)審(shen)，確認(ren)其繼(ji)續(xu)有(you)效(xiao)或予以(yi)修訂(ding)、廢(fei)止。一(yi)般五年復(fu)審(shen)一(yi)次，復(fu)審(shen)結果報(bao)國(guo)務院工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)行(xing)(xing)政主(zhu)管(guan)部門備(bei)案。第(di)十五條(tiao)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)屬于科(ke)(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)果。對技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)水平高，取得(de)顯著經濟效(xiao)益(yi)、社(she)會效(xiao)益(yi)和環(huan)(huan)境(jing)效(xiao)益(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)當(dang)(dang)納入(ru)各(ge)級(ji)科(ke)(ke)學(xue)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)進(jin)步獎勵(li)(li)范圍(wei)，并(bing)予以(yi)獎勵(li)(li)。基于上述(shu)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)可(ke)知：國(guo)家(jia)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和地(di)方標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)對相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)似（或相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)）性質工(gong)程所(suo)制定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)具體(ti)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)上允許有(you)差異，但隨使用(yong)(yong)者理(li)(li)(li)解(jie)、把(ba)握(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺度(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特定(ding)(ding)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)下(xia)(xia)可(ke)能導致失誤，為(wei)此，有(you)如下(xia)(xia)兩條(tiao)建(jian)(jian)議：①正(zheng)確把(ba)握(wo)所(suo)建(jian)(jian)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點，盡可(ke)能地(di)精選(xuan)、少選(xuan)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)，當(dang)(dang)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)對相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)計文(wen)(wen)件中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)明確每(mei)個(ge)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)本工(gong)程中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)范圍(wei)；②當(dang)(dang)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)對相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)問(wen)題(ti)(ti)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)，工(gong)程技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)人員在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)使用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)理(li)(li)(li)解(jie)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)困難(nan)或難(nan)以(yi)把(ba)握(wo)使用(yong)(yong)尺度(du)(du)時，應(ying)(ying)(ying)向標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)主(zhu)管(guan)部門發(fa)函，對標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)具體(ti)條(tiao)文(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)掌握(wo)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)咨詢(xun)，并(bing)將咨詢(xun)意見結果作為(wei)設(she)(she)計文(wen)(wen)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依(yi)據。

3.2標準的法律地位問題

中(zhong)華人(ren)民共(gong)(gong)和(he)(he)(he)國標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)化法[10]相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)明(ming)(ming)確了國家(jia)(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)(lv)地位。但(dan)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)(lv)地位并(bing)未(wei)十(shi)分明(ming)(ming)晰(xi)，其中(zhong)第十(shi)八(ba)條規(gui)定(ding)(ding)：“……社會(hui)(hui)(hui)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)協調(diao)相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)市(shi)場主體(ti)(ti)(ti)共(gong)(gong)同制定(ding)(ding)滿足市(shi)場和(he)(he)(he)創新(xin)需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，由(you)本團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)成(cheng)員約(yue)定(ding)(ding)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)或(huo)(huo)者按照本團(tuan)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)供社會(hui)(hui)(hui)自(zi)愿采(cai)用(yong)(yong)……”標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)(lv)地位至少(shao)涉及(ji)以(yi)下(xia)方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題：（1）不(bu)同行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)（如(ru)設(she)(she)計單(dan)(dan)位、檢驗(yan)檢測(ce)機構）選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國家(jia)(jia)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)和(he)(he)(he)地方(fang)推(tui)薦(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)（或(huo)(huo)國家(jia)(jia)現行(xing)(xing)含(han)強條的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)），對(dui)(dui)(dui)同一(yi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)能或(huo)(huo)技(ji)術(shu)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)（如(ru)結構安全性(xing)(xing)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)，混凝土抗壓強度評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)等）進行(xing)(xing)評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)，得到了不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)反(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)或(huo)(huo)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)結論(lun)，相(xiang)(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)層次使(shi)用(yong)(yong)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)（如(ru)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)單(dan)(dan)位、設(she)(she)計單(dan)(dan)位、監理單(dan)(dan)位、施工(gong)單(dan)(dan)位和(he)(he)(he)自(zi)然人(ren)等）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)均是(shi)合法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，如(ru)何判定(ding)(ding)檢測(ce)或(huo)(huo)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)結果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效(xiao)性(xing)(xing)？即(ji)不(bu)同推(tui)薦(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)對(dui)(dui)(dui)同一(yi)對(dui)(dui)(dui)象的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)、評(ping)(ping)定(ding)(ding)具有(you)(you)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)或(huo)(huo)條款規(gui)定(ding)(ding)本身有(you)(you)歧義，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)薦(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)進行(xing)(xing)評(ping)(ping)判會(hui)(hui)(hui)出(chu)現不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或(huo)(huo)相(xiang)(xiang)反(fan)(fan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)或(huo)(huo)鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)結論(lun)，如(ru)何處理此問題？（2）自(zi)愿選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)協會(hui)(hui)(hui)、企(qi)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)，因(yin)初始選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)(ti)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)者并(bing)非最終使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者，選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)可(ke)能導致其他使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者（含(han)潛在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)者）造成(cheng)損(sun)失。在司(si)法鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)活動中(zhong)，鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)機構應該如(ru)何處理，即(ji)存在能否(fou)選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)和(he)(he)(he)如(ru)何選擇(ze)(ze)(ze)協會(hui)(hui)(hui)、企(qi)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)（實際上也包含(han)國家(jia)(jia)推(tui)薦(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)）作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)司(si)法鑒(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)依據問題。（3）行(xing)(xing)政主管(guan)部(bu)門法規(gui)（條例、規(gui)定(ding)(ding)等文件）與技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)有(you)(you)沖突(tu)時(shi)，以(yi)哪個(ge)為(wei)(wei)(wei)最終判定(ding)(ding)依據，即(ji)是(shi)否(fou)存在優先(xian)權(quan)問題？如(ru)房屋建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)圖紙符合設(she)(she)計技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，但(dan)與相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)行(xing)(xing)政主管(guan)部(bu)門法規(gui)（條例、規(gui)定(ding)(ding)、通知等文件，暫且不(bu)討論(lun)文件本身有(you)(you)誤用(yong)(yong)引(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題）有(you)(you)矛(mao)盾時(shi)，以(yi)何作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)工(gong)程事故原因(yin)判定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最終標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)？針對(dui)(dui)(dui)以(yi)上難(nan)題，筆(bi)者建(jian)(jian)議如(ru)下(xia)：事先(xian)按我國相(xiang)(xiang)關(guan)法律(lv)(lv)（如(ru)民法典）明(ming)(ming)確約(yue)定(ding)(ding)工(gong)程建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍（對(dui)(dui)(dui)象）、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)及(ji)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍（人(ren)、權(quan)、物），間接地對(dui)(dui)(dui)可(ke)能受(shou)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛在利(li)益方(fang)作(zuo)(zuo)出(chu)說明(ming)(ming)和(he)(he)(he)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)，以(yi)法律(lv)(lv)文書的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)約(yue)定(ding)(ding)各(ge)(ge)自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責、權(quan)、利(li)（不(bu)得傷害(hai)其他潛在客戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)利(li)益）。關(guan)于技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)條文說明(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)(lv)效(xiao)力問題，筆(bi)者去函咨詢“住(zhu)房和(he)(he)(he)城鄉建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)部(bu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)定(ding)(ding)額司(si)”，就此問題住(zhu)房和(he)(he)(he)城鄉建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)回復為(wei)(wei)(wei)：“技(ji)術(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)中(zhong)條文說明(ming)(ming)內(nei)容不(bu)屬(shu)于標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，不(bu)具備(bei)約(yue)束力，但(dan)有(you)(you)合同約(yue)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)除外。”

3.3技術標準的發展方向

隨(sui)著(zhu)近年來(lai)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)推進，目前，僅住房和(he)城鄉(xiang)建設部(bu)制定(ding)、頒布的(de)(de)(de)(de)已有(you)(you)(you)國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)（國(guo)家(jia)、行(xing)(xing)業(ye)和(he)地方標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)）已有(you)(you)(you)幾(ji)千部(bu)，標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)量大(da)、面廣，使(shi)用者把握技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)難度極大(da)。特別是對(dui)相似或(huo)類(lei)似的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)(ti)(ti)存(cun)在(zai)各類(lei)技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，呈(cheng)現(xian)出技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)量大(da)、小不同，存(cun)在(zai)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)對(dui)相同問題(ti)(ti)(ti)規定(ding)交叉、不同等多(duo)種問題(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)特點(dian)（此(ci)類(lei)問題(ti)(ti)(ti)限于篇幅另(ling)文討論），總體(ti)表現(xian)為國(guo)家(jia)推薦(jian)性標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)有(you)(you)(you)泛濫(lan)之(zhi)勢。行(xing)(xing)政主(zhu)管部(bu)門已經注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)到了(le)相關(guan)(guan)問題(ti)(ti)(ti)，為此(ci)，住房城鄉(xiang)建設部(bu)辦公廳關(guan)(guan)于印發《可轉化(hua)成團體(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)行(xing)(xing)工程(cheng)建設推薦(jian)性標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)目錄(lu)（2018年版）》[16]的(de)(de)(de)(de)通知指出：“逐步縮(suo)減現(xian)有(you)(you)(you)推薦(jian)性標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)量和(he)規模，培育(yu)發展團體(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。”該通知列入(ru)名錄(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)352部(bu)推薦(jian)性國(guo)家(jia)或(huo)行(xing)(xing)業(ye)技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)擬優先轉化(hua)成團體(ti)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。建筑邊坡工程(cheng)技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)體(ti)系包括了(le)一系列專項標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，從有(you)(you)(you)關(guan)(guan)行(xing)(xing)政主(zhu)管部(bu)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)(yi)見來(lai)看(kan)，似有(you)(you)(you)將單(dan)項標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)進行(xing)(xing)合(he)編的(de)(de)(de)(de)構(gou)想(xiang)，如何將多(duo)本技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)合(he)并成一本或(huo)幾(ji)本技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)仍(reng)有(you)(you)(you)待研(yan)究。重(zhong)慶市建筑邊坡工程(cheng)技術(shu)(shu)標(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)編制的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展方向仍(reng)有(you)(you)(you)待探索。

作者：劉(liu)興遠 單位：雷用(yong)重慶市建筑(zhu)科學研究院(yuan)有限公司(si) 陸(lu)軍勤(qin)務學院(yuan)