交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)標線(xian)是由(you)標劃于路面(mian)上的(de)各種線(xian)條(tiao)(tiao)、箭頭、文字、立面(mian)標記等構成的(de)一(yi)種交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安全設施(shi)，它可(ke)與交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)標志配(pei)合(he)使用，也可(ke)單獨使用。路面(mian)標線(xian)是引導司(si)機(ji)視線(xian)，管制司(si)機(ji)駕車(che)行為的(de)重要手段，它可(ke)以確保車(che)流分道行駛(shi)(shi)，導流交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)行駛(shi)(shi)方向，指引車(che)輛(liang)在匯合(he)或分流前進(jin)入合(he)適的(de)車(che)道，促使更好地組織交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)。正確設置交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)標線(xian)能(neng)合(he)理地利用公路有效面(mian)積，改善車(che)流行駛(shi)(shi)條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)，增加道路通(tong)(tong)行能(neng)力，減少交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事故。

1道路交通(tong)標志標線概(gai)述

1.1道(dao)路交(jiao)通(tong)標志標線的概念

路(lu)交通標(biao)志是用(yong)(yong)(yong)圖形、符號、文字向(xiang)駕駛(shi)員及行(xing)人傳遞法定信息，用(yong)(yong)(yong)以管制(zhi)、警(jing)告及引導交通的安全設施(shi)(shi)，它在現代(dai)道路(lu)交通管理(li)中(zhong)發揮著(zhu)重要(yao)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。以規定的線條、箭頭、文字、立面標(biao)記、突起路(lu)標(biao)或者其他導向(xiang)裝置，劃設于路(lu)面或其他設施(shi)(shi)上，引導司機視線，確(que)保車流分(fen)道行(xing)使，導流交通行(xing)駛(shi)方向(xiang)，指引車輛在匯合(he)或分(fen)流。

1.2道路(lu)交通標志標線的分(fen)類

路(lu)(lu)面(mian)標線(xian)(xian)(xian)是引導(dao)司機(ji)視線(xian)(xian)(xian)，管制司機(ji)駕(jia)(jia)車行(xing)為的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)手段。《道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)交通標志和(he)標線(xian)(xian)(xian)》規(gui)定的(de)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)交通標線(xian)(xian)(xian)分為三大類:(1)指示(shi)標線(xian)(xian)(xian):指示(shi)車行(xing)道(dao)(dao)、行(xing)車方向(xiang)、路(lu)(lu)面(mian)邊緣、人(ren)(ren)行(xing)道(dao)(dao)等(deng)設施的(de)標線(xian)(xian)(xian)。(2)禁止標線(xian)(xian)(xian):告示(shi)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)交通的(de)遵(zun)行(xing)、禁止、限制等(deng)特殊(shu)規(gui)定，車輛駕(jia)(jia)駛(shi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)及(ji)行(xing)人(ren)(ren)需要(yao)嚴格遵(zun)守的(de)標線(xian)(xian)(xian)。(3)警(jing)告標線(xian)(xian)(xian):促使車輛駕(jia)(jia)駛(shi)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)及(ji)行(xing)人(ren)(ren)了解道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)上的(de)特殊(shu)情況，提(ti)高警(jing)覺，準備防范(fan)應變措施的(de)標線(xian)(xian)(xian)。

摘要：筆者(zhe)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)分(fen)析行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)過(guo)街設施和信號交(jiao)(jiao)叉口對(dui)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)影響，提出了行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)過(guo)街設施的(de)(de)設計原則(ze)與要求。只要城市道路交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規劃者(zhe)對(dui)步行(xing)(xing)道路交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)有著足夠的(de)(de)重視，擺(bai)脫以(yi)機(ji)動車交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)為(wei)主的(de)(de)規劃理念(nian)就可以(yi)創造出宜(yi)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)步行(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)環(huan)境，保證行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)步行(xing)(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)。

關(guan)鍵詞：城市交通(tong)；行人；安(an)全規劃

引言：現代交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方(fang)式多種多樣(yang)，發展(zhan)迅速，但步行(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方(fang)式卻始終(zhong)是交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)系統(tong)中必不(bu)可少的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)方(fang)式，短距離出(chu)(chu)行(xing)主要(yao)依(yi)賴步行(xing)。我(wo)國城(cheng)市的(de)(de)步行(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)在城(cheng)市交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)中所占比(bi)重很(hen)大，約為(wei)20%～50%左右，行(xing)人(ren)(ren)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)非(fei)常之大，而(er)且行(xing)人(ren)(ren)分布面廣，加之現階段城(cheng)市交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)主要(yao)集中在機動車交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)領域，步行(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)一直處于從屬規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)地位，不(bu)能完(wan)全(quan)滿足行(xing)人(ren)(ren)步行(xing)出(chu)(chu)行(xing)的(de)(de)需要(yao)，從而(er)導致我(wo)國城(cheng)市交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)中常常出(chu)(chu)現人(ren)(ren)車混行(xing)，人(ren)(ren)車搶道，導致交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事故(gu)頻發，誘發了(le)嚴重的(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安全(quan)隱患(huan)。因此(ci)，筆者認為(wei)要(yao)預防行(xing)人(ren)(ren)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事故(gu)，應從步行(xing)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安全(quan)隱患(huan)的(de)(de)預防做(zuo)起。

1．行(xing)人過(guo)街設(she)施問題分析

在城市行人(ren)引發(fa)的交通事故中，主要原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)就是(shi)行人(ren)違法穿越行車道。行人(ren)違法穿越行車道的原(yuan)(yuan)因(yin)主要是(shi)分為兩個(ge)方面:一(yi)是(shi)行人(ren)違章(zhang)的不良交通習慣、對于(yu)違章(zhang)

的不良態度(du)；二是(shi)城市(shi)交通(tong)步(bu)行設(she)施的設(she)置(zhi)不合(he)理，“迫使(shi)”行人(ren)違法穿越行車道。對(dui)于第一種影響因(yin)素固然可以通(tong)過對(dui)行人(ren)交通(tong)安全的宣傳教育或加強對(dui)行人(ren)交通(tong)違法的執法力度(du)來(lai)預防，但究其原因(yin)還是(shi)城市(shi)步(bu)行交通(tong)規劃的不合(he)理導(dao)致人(ren)們逐漸地養成(cheng)違章(zhang)穿越行車道的習慣(guan)。

一、什么是交通法規以及他的主要(yao)內容?

交(jiao)通(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)是指《中華人民共(gong)(gong)和國道(dao)路交(jiao)通(tong)管理(li)條例(li)》于(yu)1988年3月(yue)9日國務院，同(tong)年8月(yue)1日起(qi)施(shi)行，共(gong)(gong)9章(zhang)93條，它是我國道(dao)路安全管理(li)現(xian)行的一(yi)部"交(jiao)通(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)"。現(xian)在，國家正在準備出臺《道(dao)路交(jiao)通(tong)管理(li)法(fa)(fa)(fa)》，也將更(geng)加完善在不久的將來，代替現(xian)行的交(jiao)通(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)。

內容包(bao)括：凡在(zai)道(dao)路上通(tong)(tong)行的車(che)輛、行人(ren)、乘(cheng)車(che)人(ren)以(yi)及(ji)在(zai)道(dao)路上進行交通(tong)(tong)活(huo)動的人(ren)員，都必(bi)須遵(zun)守該(gai)條例(li)(li)：機(ji)關、軍隊、團體(ti)、企業、學(xue)校等(deng)組織，應當經常教育所屬人(ren)員遵(zun)守該(gai)《條例(li)(li)》：駕(jia)駛車(che)輛、騎車(che)、行人(ren)、乘(cheng)車(che)人(ren)和道(dao)路和管(guan)理(li)以(yi)及(ji)交通(tong)(tong)違(wei)章(zhang)處(chu)罰等(deng)，都作了(le)比(bi)較具體(ti)的規定(ding)。還規定(ding)交通(tong)(tong)警察必(bi)須秉公執法，對違(wei)反(fan)該(gai)《條例(li)(li)》的人(ren)，應根據情節輕重，給予批評教育或適當處(chu)罰。

同學們(men)，一(yi)定要認(ren)識到交通法(fa)規也是法(fa)，從小養成遵紀守法(fa)的(de)(de)好習慣，遵守公共秩序(xu)，尊重交通警察的(de)(de)勞動，服從指(zhi)揮，做一(yi)名(ming)品學兼優的(de)(de)好學生(sheng)。

二(er)、汽(qi)車的性能和我(wo)們中(zhong)學必須知道的內容(rong)

在(zai)(zai)一般情況下，汽車(che)(che)(che)在(zai)(zai)行(xing)駛(shi)中(zhong)，如遇(yu)到危險(xian)情況，駕(jia)駛(shi)員踩剎(cha)(cha)車(che)(che)(che)減速或(huo)停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)就可能避免交通事故(gu)。但是(shi)，遇(yu)到緊(jin)急(ji)(ji)突(tu)然情況，如行(xing)人(ren)或(huo)騎車(che)(che)(che)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)車(che)(che)(che)輛臨近時橫穿馬路，盡管(guan)駕(jia)駛(shi)員采取緊(jin)急(ji)(ji)剎(cha)(cha)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)措(cuo)施，也難免發生撞(zhuang)車(che)(che)(che)、撞(zhuang)人(ren)的(de)事幫。同(tong)(tong)學們(men)，你(ni)(ni)們(men)都(dou)知(zhi)道慣性的(de)原理(li)，駕(jia)駛(shi)員從發現(xian)危險(xian)到采取緊(jin)急(ji)(ji)剎(cha)(cha)車(che)(che)(che)到汽車(che)(che)(che)完全(quan)停(ting)止，需要兩個過程，即"制動停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)過程"和(he)"制動停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)距離"。這就如同(tong)(tong)你(ni)(ni)在(zai)(zai)奔跑中(zhong)突(tu)然停(ting)下來，還受慣性的(de)作用(yong)，不(bu)由(you)自主地(di)向(xiang)前沖擊幾乎一樣。汽車(che)(che)(che)行(xing)駛(shi)速度越(yue)快(kuai)，慣性力越(yue)大，制動停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)距離越(yue)長。因此，汽車(che)(che)(che)不(bu)是(shi)一剎(cha)(cha)車(che)(che)(che)就能停(ting)止的(de)。

1功能需求

結合(he)云南(nan)省交通(tong)安(an)全統(tong)籌(chou)在線信息管(guan)理的(de)要求，建(jian)立基于瀏覽器/服(fu)務器模式的(de)新(xin)一代(dai)交通(tong)安(an)全統(tong)籌(chou)信息管(guan)理系統(tong)，覆蓋1個(ge)公路分中心和50個(ge)分理處的(de)統(tong)籌(chou)業務網絡交換數據平(ping)臺。

1.1業務需求分(fen)析(xi)

結(jie)合(he)實際工作情況，統籌業務處理主要流程。

1.2功能(neng)需求分析

本(ben)系統(tong)根(gen)據云南省(sheng)交通安全統(tong)籌中心管理(li)的實際需(xu)求，采用B/S架構設計(ji)，系統(tong)主要包括車輛(liang)檔案管理(li)功(gong)能(neng)、統(tong)籌單(dan)制作(zuo)功(gong)能(neng)、退(tui)統(tong)單(dan)功(gong)能(neng)、出險登記(ji)(ji)功(gong)能(neng)、事(shi)故(gu)查(cha)勘記(ji)(ji)錄、事(shi)故(gu)損失信息登記(ji)(ji)功(gong)能(neng)、理(li)賠單(dan)制作(zuo)功(gong)能(neng)、重特大補(bu)助申請(qing)功(gong)能(neng)、代(dai)位賠償功(gong)能(neng)、安全獎功(gong)能(neng)、常用統(tong)計(ji)報表打印功(gong)能(neng)、單(dan)據管理(li)功(gong)能(neng)及統(tong)計(ji)分(fen)析功(gong)能(neng)等，實現對云南省(sheng)統(tong)籌中心的各項(xiang)相關業務信息化(hua)管理(li)。

中(zhong)國首部道(dao)路交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安全(quan)法(fa)(fa)——《中(zhong)華人(ren)民共和(he)國道(dao)路交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安全(quan)法(fa)(fa)》于2004年(nian)5月1日起(qi)施行(xing)，該法(fa)(fa)從(cong)根本上為(wei)維護道(dao)路交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)秩序、預防和(he)減少交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事故、保障交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)安全(quan)、提高通(tong)(tong)行(xing)效(xiao)率、保護人(ren)身安全(quan)提供了切實(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)律保障；可以說，這部法(fa)(fa)律的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)施將(jiang)是(shi)中(zhong)國道(dao)路交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)制建設(she)歷程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)座里程(cheng)(cheng)碑，是(shi)中(zhong)國第(di)一(yi)部真正意義上的(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)法(fa)(fa)規。毫無疑問(wen)，該法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)出臺將(jiang)對(dui)與其休(xiu)戚(qi)相關的(de)(de)(de)車險業產生重大影響(xiang)。

對車險業是(shi)重大“利好”

本法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)施行(xing)將是(shi)一次宣(xuan)(xuan)傳責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、發(fa)展責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、做大責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)契(qi)機(ji)，該(gai)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)臺將擴(kuo)大機(ji)動車(che)第(di)(di)(di)三者責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)市場規模。即將正式施行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)《中(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民共和國道路(lu)(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)安(an)全法(fa)》第(di)(di)(di)十七條(tiao)規定(ding)：“國家實行(xing)機(ji)動車(che)第(di)(di)(di)三者責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)強(qiang)制(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)制(zhi)度，設立(li)道路(lu)(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)事故社(she)會救助基(ji)金。”這是(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國第(di)(di)(di)一次用(yong)法(fa)律的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)式明確提出(chu)機(ji)動車(che)必須參(can)加第(di)(di)(di)三者責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)強(qiang)制(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。這一規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)臺，對(dui)(dui)車(che)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)乃至整(zheng)個保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)將產生重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)影響。從強(qiang)制(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)角度上講，它(ta)表明：要(yao)充(chong)分發(fa)揮保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)補償(chang)和社(she)會管(guan)理功能(neng)，不僅是(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)界的(de)(de)(de)事情，政(zheng)府也(ye)應(ying)發(fa)揮必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)和給(gei)(gei)予(yu)一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)支持。對(dui)(dui)于關系到(dao)(dao)人(ren)身安(an)全和社(she)會穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，強(qiang)制(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)一個很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)途徑，也(ye)是(shi)盡力(li)挽救傷者生命、體現(xian)社(she)會對(dui)(dui)生命權的(de)(de)(de)尊重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和減少(shao)社(she)會矛盾的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)高(gao)效(xiao)手段(duan)。同時，從保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)分類上講，該(gai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)也(ye)屬(shu)于責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)范疇，而責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)一種(zhong)以被(bei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)對(dui)(dui)第(di)(di)(di)三者依法(fa)應(ying)承擔的(de)(de)(de)賠償(chang)責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)標的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。它(ta)給(gei)(gei)受害方提供(gong)了(le)風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)，與人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)生活息息相關。中(zhong)(zhong)國責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展嚴重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)滯后(hou)于其(qi)他險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)種(zhong)。目前，中(zhong)(zhong)國責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)占整(zheng)個財(cai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)比重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)僅為(wei)5％左(zuo)右，在發(fa)達(da)(da)國家，這一比例高(gao)達(da)(da)20％，在歐美國家達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)40％，這不僅與中(zhong)(zhong)國保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)向上的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)體發(fa)展面貌不協調，而且與國外責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展趨勢也(ye)不相符。因(yin)此，本法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)出(chu)臺將是(shi)一次宣(xuan)(xuan)傳責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、發(fa)展責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、做大責(ze)任(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)契(qi)機(ji)，這對(dui)(dui)于非壽險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)業(ye)實現(xian)“跳躍式、跨越式”的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展無(wu)疑是(shi)一次重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大“利好(hao)”。

從車險(xian)本身來(lai)講，雖然(ran)中國大部(bu)分地區已經(jing)實行了(le)機動車第三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)責任(ren)險(xian)，但它的覆蓋面仍(reng)然(ran)不完整，該法的出(chu)臺無(wu)疑也將會擴(kuo)大機動車第三(san)者(zhe)(zhe)責任(ren)險(xian)市場規模，乃至促進整個車險(xian)業(ye)快速發展，以適應隨著中國汽(qi)車保(bao)有(you)量迅(xun)速增(zeng)長、人(ren)民(min)群眾保(bao)險(xian)需求快速增(zeng)加的局面。

車險業參與社會管理(li)

第(di)(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)強制(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)費(fei)(fei)率與(yu)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)行(xing)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)安全(quan)實(shi)績掛鉤，實(shi)行(xing)浮(fu)(fu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)費(fei)(fei)率。它(ta)通(tong)過保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)與(yu)交(jiao)通(tong)管理部(bu)門共(gong)建(jian)“車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)險(xian)(xian)信息(xi)庫(ku)共(gong)享平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)”，充(chong)分利用費(fei)(fei)率杠(gang)桿，加(jia)強了對(dui)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)和(he)(he)駕(jia)駛(shi)員的(de)(de)(de)社會管理，控制(zhi)(zhi)交(jiao)通(tong)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)發生，參與(yu)交(jiao)通(tong)事(shi)故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)預防，減(jian)少事(shi)故(gu)發生頻(pin)率。上(shang)海(hai)市機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)于(yu)(yu)4月(yue)1日率先開始統一實(shi)施《上(shang)海(hai)市機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)第(di)(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)條款和(he)(he)費(fei)(fei)率》，同日也正(zheng)式啟(qi)用“上(shang)海(hai)市機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)第(di)(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)信息(xi)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)”。從4月(yue)1日起，凡涉及(ji)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)第(di)(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)新保(bao)(bao)(bao)或續保(bao)(bao)(bao)業務，上(shang)海(hai)各家保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)險(xian)(xian)核心業務系(xi)統將對(dui)接聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)信息(xi)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)進行(xing)實(shi)務操作(zuo)，并統一執行(xing)新的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)第(di)(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)條款費(fei)(fei)率。機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)信息(xi)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)將把機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)和(he)(he)駕(jia)駛(shi)員的(de)(de)(de)基本信息(xi)、駕(jia)駛(shi)員違(wei)章(zhang)記錄(lu)(lu)(lu)、理賠(pei)記錄(lu)(lu)(lu)等(deng)信息(xi)數據(ju)全(quan)部(bu)“記錄(lu)(lu)(lu)在案”，作(zuo)為(wei)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)第(di)(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)時確定費(fei)(fei)率的(de)(de)(de)依據(ju)。隨(sui)著聯(lian)(lian)合(he)(he)信息(xi)平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)引入，費(fei)(fei)率制(zhi)(zhi)訂將由“隨(sui)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)為(wei)主”轉變為(wei)“車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)人(ren)兼顧”，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)經常違(wei)章(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)，特別是酒后駕(jia)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)、超載(zai)、超速(su)、闖(chuang)紅燈等(deng)違(wei)章(zhang)行(xing)為(wei)，其第(di)(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)險(xian)(xian)費(fei)(fei)率最高可在基準保(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)上(shang)浮(fu)(fu)70％；而沒有(you)交(jiao)通(tong)違(wei)章(zhang)記錄(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)，費(fei)(fei)率一般可下(xia)浮(fu)(fu)10％；兩年以上(shang)沒有(you)理賠(pei)記錄(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)輛(liang)(liang)，費(fei)(fei)率有(you)望下(xia)浮(fu)(fu)30％。全(quan)國化的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)第(di)(di)三者(zhe)強制(zhi)(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)條款和(he)(he)費(fei)(fei)率以及(ji)同交(jiao)警部(bu)門共(gong)建(jian)的(de)(de)(de)“車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)險(xian)(xian)信息(xi)庫(ku)共(gong)享平(ping)臺(tai)(tai)”，在不久也即將出臺(tai)(tai)，無疑(yi)這對(dui)于(yu)(yu)抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)酒后駕(jia)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)、超載(zai)、超速(su)、闖(chuang)紅燈等(deng)交(jiao)通(tong)違(wei)章(zhang)惡疾有(you)著重要抑(yi)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)威懾作(zuo)用。

《中(zhong)華人民共(gong)和國道路(lu)交通安(an)全法》（以(yi)下簡稱《交通安(an)全法》）第七十六條的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)“機動車發生(sheng)人身(shen)傷(shang)亡、財產損失(shi)的(de)(de)，由(you)保(bao)險公司在機動車第三者責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)強制保(bao)險責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)范圍內(nei)予(yu)以(yi)賠(pei)(pei)償。超過責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)的(de)(de)部分(fen)(fen)，按照下列方(fang)式承(cheng)擔(dan)賠(pei)(pei)償責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)：……”此(ci)條規(gui)定(ding)中(zhong)，筆者對保(bao)險公司的(de)(de)賠(pei)(pei)償責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)如是理(li)解：如果(guo)事(shi)故造成的(de)(de)損失(shi)在第三者責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)強制保(bao)險限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)內(nei)，不論(lun)事(shi)故責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)如何劃分(fen)(fen)，一律由(you)保(bao)險公司全額(e)(e)(e)賠(pei)(pei)償；如果(guo)損失(shi)超過了(le)保(bao)險責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)限(xian)額(e)(e)(e)，則超額(e)(e)(e)部分(fen)(fen)保(bao)險公司不承(cheng)擔(dan)賠(pei)(pei)償責(ze)(ze)(ze)任(ren)(ren)。

我(wo)國實(shi)(shi)行(xing)機動(dong)車第三者責任強(qiang)(qiang)制保(bao)險制度，通(tong)過(guo)保(bao)險機制轉(zhuan)移(yi)和分散風險，減少交通(tong)事故引發的社會不安定因素，使交通(tong)事故受(shou)(shou)害者得到(dao)及時(shi)救助(zhu)和賠償，同時(shi)事故與保(bao)險掛(gua)鉤(gou)的經(jing)濟杠(gang)桿(gan)作用可以有效增強(qiang)(qiang)機動(dong)車駕駛人(ren)員(yuan)的安全意識，這一出(chu)發點是非(fei)常好的，也深(shen)得廣大民眾(zhong)的擁護。但(dan)由于對受(shou)(shou)害者利益過(guo)分保(bao)護，加重了機動(dong)車一方的責任，使該法條規定有失(shi)偏(pian)頗，引起(qi)世(shi)人(ren)頗多非(fei)議(yi)。現筆者就審(shen)判(pan)實(shi)(shi)踐中調查了解到(dao)的對該條規定的存(cun)疑(yi)問題，闡(chan)述如下：

一(yi)、對保險公司和投保人(ren)不公平

（一）表(biao)面上對保險公司不公平(ping)

以責論賠(pei)是保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)賠(pei)償(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)貫常操作(zuo)方式，賠(pei)償(chang)數額在第(di)(di)(di)三者(zhe)(zhe)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)限額內(nei)以保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)核定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)應(ying)當支(zhi)付(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)賠(pei)償(chang)金額為限。其根據是道路交(jiao)通(tong)事故(gu)處(chu)理辦法和(he)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)。同(tong)(tong)時，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法關(guan)于核定(ding)損(sun)失(shi)問題也作(zuo)了明確規(gui)(gui)定(ding)。對(dui)于損(sun)失(shi)不(bu)(bu)足限額部分的(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)不(bu)(bu)賠(pei)償(chang)。但在保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)期限內(nei)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)合同(tong)(tong)項下的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)繼(ji)續有(you)效(xiao)，如果被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)汽車再(zai)次發(fa)生交(jiao)通(tong)事故(gu)，被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)向受害人(ren)賠(pei)償(chang)損(sun)失(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)人(ren)有(you)繼(ji)續支(zhi)付(fu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)賠(pei)款的(de)(de)(de)(de)義務。當然，損(sun)失(shi)不(bu)(bu)足保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)限額或者(zhe)(zhe)沒有(you)發(fa)生賠(pei)款事故(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)享有(you)這部分風(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)利益也是合理的(de)(de)(de)(de)。現行《交(jiao)通(tong)安全法》第(di)(di)(di)七十六條規(gui)(gui)定(ding)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)要承(cheng)擔保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)限額內(nei)不(bu)(bu)應(ying)由被保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)車輛承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)份額。這是保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)不(bu)(bu)愿接受的(de)(de)(de)(de)事實(shi)。對(dui)此，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)(gong)司(si)認為他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)屬于商(shang)業保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)性質，與(yu)此規(gui)(gui)定(ding)相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)《機(ji)動車第(di)(di)(di)三者(zhe)(zhe)責任(ren)(ren)(ren)強制保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)條例》（有(you)權(quan)機(ji)關(guan)正在制定(ding)）尚未出臺，至(zhi)少目前不(bu)(bu)應(ying)受該規(gui)(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)約束。

即(ji)便如此，保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司認為(wei)(wei)自己已(yi)經承受了(le)巨大經濟(ji)壓力，因為(wei)(wei)5月1日以(yi)(yi)前訂立(li)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)（簡稱(cheng)老(lao)(lao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)單），是按(an)照《道(dao)路(lu)交通事故(gu)處(chu)理辦(ban)法(fa)》規定的(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)、項目(mu)和標準（以(yi)(yi)下簡稱(cheng)老(lao)(lao)標準）賠償(chang)。5月1日以(yi)(yi)后，《最高人(ren)民(min)法(fa)院關于(yu)人(ren)身(shen)損(sun)害賠償(chang)案件適用(yong)法(fa)律若干問題的(de)(de)解釋》的(de)(de)計算標準（以(yi)(yi)下簡稱(cheng)新標準）提高了(le)，致使(shi)賠償(chang)額增加。5月1日以(yi)(yi)后的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)合(he)同(tong)雖就(jiu)增加賠償(chang)額的(de)(de)幅度內提高了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)費率，但老(lao)(lao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)單仍要求按(an)新規定賠付，更(geng)為(wei)(wei)甚者，《交通安全法(fa)》還要求保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司承擔超過機動車方責任范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)損(sun)失(shi)。這無疑更(geng)加重了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)公司的(de)(de)負擔。

編者按：本文主(zhu)要(yao)從(cong)我片(pian)(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)村地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)摩(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)道(dao)路交(jiao)通安全(quan)管(guan)理現(xian)狀；農(nong)(nong)村地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)摩(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)發生道(dao)路交(jiao)通事故情(qing)況及(ji)主(zhu)要(yao)原(yuan)因分析；加強(qiang)我片(pian)(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)農(nong)(nong)村地區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)摩(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)道(dao)路交(jiao)通安全(quan)管(guan)理的(de)對(dui)策三個方面(mian)進行論述。其(qi)中，主(zhu)要(yao)現(xian)狀包括：我片(pian)(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)摩(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)數(shu)(shu)量大幅(fu)度增加、摩(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)駕駛人成(cheng)份復(fu)雜、無牌無證(zheng)摩(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)多未投保(bao)，無保(bao)障(zhang)、農(nong)(nong)村道(dao)路交(jiao)通安全(quan)形(xing)勢日趨嚴峻、原(yuan)因包括：駕駛人安全(quan)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)差、駕乘人員自我保(bao)護(hu)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)差、摩(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)安全(quan)狀況差、交(jiao)通設施不全(quan)和設置(zhi)道(dao)路障(zhang)礙引發交(jiao)通事故、對(dui)策包括：深入宣傳，增強(qiang)群眾(zhong)交(jiao)通安全(quan)意(yi)識(shi)(shi)、要(yao)摸清(qing)底(di)數(shu)(shu)，強(qiang)化對(dui)摩(mo)托(tuo)(tuo)(tuo)車(che)(che)(che)(che)監管(guan)、要(yao)嚴管(guan)嚴治，鞏固整治工(gong)作(zuo)成(cheng)效、完善機(ji)制，形(xing)成(cheng)社會綜(zong)合治理合力等，具體材料請(qing)詳見。

內容(rong)摘要：“5.12”大(da)(da)地震以后(hou)，塔水片區(qu)(qu)的摩托車數(shu)(shu)量大(da)(da)幅度(du)增加，其無(wu)牌無(wu)證車輛占到了總數(shu)(shu)的近2／3這(zhe)給本來就點多、線長(chang)、面(mian)廣的農(nong)村(cun)(cun)道路(lu)，大(da)(da)部分無(wu)交(jiao)通(tong)標志、標線等安全管理設施，加之(zhi)齊抓共管農(nong)村(cun)(cun)道路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)安全機制尚在建(jian)立之(zhi)中，因而(er)片區(qu)(qu)道路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)人、車、路(lu)矛(mao)盾日益凸顯(xian)，這(zhe)一新情況、新問題嚴重威(wei)脅農(nong)村(cun)(cun)道路(lu)交(jiao)通(tong)安全,制約了農(nong)村(cun)(cun)經濟發展，影響了社會主義新農(nong)村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設。

關(guan)鍵詞：見習期間塔水片區摩托車安(an)全(quan)管理無(wu)牌無(wu)證(zheng)概況(kuang)

近(jin)年來，隨著社會經濟(ji)快速發展，農村(cun)(cun)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)建(jian)設步伐加快，塔(ta)水片區(qu)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)托車數(shu)量急劇增(zeng)長,涉及(ji)(ji)到摩(mo)(mo)(mo)托車的道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通事(shi)故日益增(zeng)多，特別是“5.12”大(da)(da)地震后。農村(cun)(cun)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通人、車、路(lu)矛(mao)盾日益凸(tu)顯，這一(yi)(yi)新情況、新問題(ti)(ti)嚴重威脅(xie)農村(cun)(cun)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)交(jiao)通安全,制約了農村(cun)(cun)經濟(ji)發展，影響了社會主義新農村(cun)(cun)建(jian)設。如何進一(yi)(yi)步加大(da)(da)塔(ta)水鎮農村(cun)(cun)地區(qu)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)托車管理(li)(li)力度，預防摩(mo)(mo)(mo)托車交(jiao)通事(shi)故的發生，是擺在(zai)我(wo)們面(mian)前一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)嚴峻的課題(ti)(ti)。現就當前我(wo)片區(qu)農村(cun)(cun)地區(qu)摩(mo)(mo)(mo)托車交(jiao)通安全管理(li)(li)現狀及(ji)(ji)對策說說個(ge)(ge)人的一(yi)(yi)些粗淺看(kan)法。

一、我片區農村地(di)區摩托車道(dao)路交通(tong)安全(quan)管(guan)理現狀

1、我片區(qu)摩(mo)托(tuo)車(che)(che)數量大(da)幅度(du)增加。隨著農村經濟的(de)發展和農民生活(huo)水(shui)平(ping)的(de)逐步提高(gao)，摩(mo)托(tuo)車(che)(che)迅速成為廣大(da)農民群眾主要(yao)的(de)出行工具和運載工具，特別(bie)是“5.12”以后(hou)在(zai)外打工人員陸續回家。據不完全統計，全片區(qu)現有摩(mo)托(tuo)車(che)(che)2千余輛，而農村地區(qu)摩(mo)托(tuo)車(che)(che)有1千5百(bai)余輛。其中有1千余輛摩(mo)托(tuo)車(che)(che)未辦理入戶(hu)手續，3百(bai)余輛摩(mo)托(tuo)車(che)(che)未按規定年檢。

摘要(yao)：城市是(shi)一個復雜的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)文(wen)與(yu)自然的(de)(de)復合系統,是(shi)人(ren)(ren)口、資源、環境(jing)和社(she)會(hui)經濟等要(yao)素高(gao)度密(mi)集(ji)的(de)(de)地理綜合體。本文(wen)結合基(ji)本要(yao)求(qiu)、設(she)計原則、設(she)計提(ti)示三個層次，來談談關(guan)于城市軌道交通安全(quan)工程的(de)(de)設(she)計的(de)(de)幾點建(jian)議。

關鍵詞：城市；交通；安全；工(gong)程；設計(ji)。

城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)作(zuo)為社會文明(ming)進步(bu)標志之一(yi),在國家政治、經濟及文化諸多方(fang)面的(de)作(zuo)用日益突出,可以說城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)化水平(ping)的(de)高低是一(yi)個國家文明(ming)程度、社會進步(bu)和經濟發達的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)參數所(suo)以大力發展城(cheng)鎮(zhen)建(jian)設(she)(she),對城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)進行(xing)合理而健康(kang)的(de)規(gui)劃和管理極(ji)為重(zhong)要(yao)，城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交通(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)問(wen)題，貫(guan)穿于(yu)設(she)(she)計(ji)、施工、運營等(deng)全(quan)過程。在城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交通(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)問(wen)題越來(lai)越受到重(zhong)視(shi)的(de)今天，設(she)(she)計(ji)作(zuo)為城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)軌道交通(tong)安(an)(an)全(quan)建(jian)造與安(an)(an)全(quan)運營的(de)首要(yao)環節，設(she)(she)計(ji)單位及其廣大設(she)(she)計(ji)人員(yuan)，應如何(he)面對軌道交通(tong)“安(an)(an)全(quan)問(wen)題”？本文就此幾方(fang)面進行(xing)探討(tao)。

一(yi)、城市(shi)軌道交(jiao)通安全工程的概念

1.1定義

城市(shi)軌道交通安(an)(an)全(quan)工程，是影響城市(shi)軌道交通安(an)(an)全(quan)建(jian)造與安(an)(an)全(quan)運營(ying)的(de)全(quan)部工作的(de)總稱。

1．交通安全設(she)施(shi)工(gong)程建設(she)質量(liang)控(kong)制的管理手段

質(zhi)量(liang)是公路工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)靈魂和生(sheng)命,工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量(liang)是百(bai)年(nian)大(da)計(ji),造福后代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)事,也是企業的(de)(de)(de)信譽和生(sheng)命，交通(tong)安全工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)設施(shi)具有區別于土建工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)獨特的(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)特點,在質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)中(zhong)也存(cun)在區別于土建工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)手段(duan)和側重點，根據實際,可以從以下幾(ji)個方(fang)面(mian)開(kai)展質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)作[2][3]：

(1)原材料(liao)的質量控(kong)制

施工前加強對產品及原材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)合格(ge)檢驗，這是一道最關(guan)鍵的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理程序(xu),拒(ju)絕任何不(bu)符合設計(ji)或技術規范(fan)要求的(de)(de)(de)產品或原材(cai)料進(jin)(jin)入施工場(chang)地。進(jin)(jin)場(chang)材(cai)料構件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)對交通(tong)安(an)(an)全設施的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)起到控(kong)制性的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)，如標(biao)志牌、波形梁護欄、隔離柵(zha)等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)隱患往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)不(bu)是出現(xian)在安(an)(an)裝過(guo)程中,而是出現(xian)在進(jin)(jin)場(chang)構件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)上(shang)，安(an)(an)裝的(de)(de)(de)檢驗比較容易(yi)控(kong)制,有缺陷也比較容易(yi)發現(xian)和糾正，但進(jin)(jin)場(chang)材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問題,往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)不(bu)易(yi)及時發現(xian),通(tong)常在使用(yong)過(guo)程中才(cai)能逐漸暴露出來,因此,進(jin)(jin)場(chang)材(cai)料和構件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)檢驗十分(fen)重要；

有關人(ren)員必須到進貨(huo)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠家檢查和(he)(he)確認其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)設備能力、工藝(yi)水平及(ji)其(qi)質量保證體系(xi)的(de)(de)有效性,并在供(gong)貨(huo)過程中,不定期地進行巡(xun)查,以保證生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)廠商提供(gong)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)品合格，產(chan)(chan)品進場后,技術人(ren)員要(yao)依據規范的(de)(de)規定試驗(yan)和(he)(he)檢驗(yan),確認后方可用于安裝，發現疑問時(shi),還可以增加相(xiang)應的(de)(de)檢測項目(mu)和(he)(he)頻(pin)率。

主要(yao)(yao)手段有檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)產品(pin)(pin)質量合(he)格(ge)證(zheng)和工(gong)(gong)(gong)地(di)試(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)進(jin)行抽驗(yan)兩種，每進(jin)一(yi)批都應(ying)嚴格(ge)履行該程(cheng)序,必(bi)要(yao)(yao)時(shi),應(ying)到產品(pin)(pin)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)生產廠(chang)家進(jin)行原材料及加(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝的(de)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)。例(li)如成品(pin)(pin)波(bo)形(xing)梁(liang)(liang),進(jin)入施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場后(hou),先檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)是否有生產合(he)格(ge)證(zheng)及各項技術指標,并進(jin)行抽檢(jian)(jian)(jian),包(bao)括外(wai)觀(guan)尺寸(cun)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)、厚(hou)度檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)、防銹處理(li)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)、基底鋼材機械性能檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)等,重點抽檢(jian)(jian)(jian)波(bo)形(xing)梁(liang)(liang)鋼板厚(hou)度及鍍鋅(xin)厚(hou)度、均勻性,因為波(bo)形(xing)梁(liang)(liang)鋼板厚(hou)度每相差0.1mm,其防撞性能則(ze)大打折扣;鍍鋅(xin)層的(de)厚(hou)度及均勻性則(ze)直接影響到波(bo)形(xing)梁(liang)(liang)的(de)使用壽命。

摘要(yao):城(cheng)市軌道交通安(an)(an)全對城(cheng)市發展有(you)著不可低(di)估的影響。從經濟學角度考慮,軌道交通安(an)(an)全具有(you)公共產品特性(xing)、生產力特性(xing)、資源(yuan)配置特性(xing)。因此,要(yao)把軌道交通安(an)(an)全和城(cheng)市發展協調統(tong)一起來,以達到(dao)安(an)(an)全效益的最佳(jia)狀態。

關鍵詞:公共產品;生產力(li);資源配置

軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通由于具有(you)快速、環(huan)保、運能(neng)大等(deng)特點,已成(cheng)為各大城市發展公(gong)共(gong)交通優先考慮的(de)項(xiang)目。據統(tong)計,我國現有(you)20多個城市正(zheng)在(zai)建(jian)(jian)設(she)或(huo)規(gui)劃(hua)建(jian)(jian)設(she)地鐵(tie)等(deng)軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通項(xiang)目,在(zai)建(jian)(jian)線路(lu)總長度超過(guo)390公(gong)里,有(you)1500公(gong)里線路(lu)正(zheng)在(zai)規(gui)劃(hua)建(jian)(jian)設(she)中。軌(gui)道(dao)(dao)交通在(zai)給人們(men)帶來(lai)便捷舒適的(de)同時,也面臨著(zhu)由于人、車輛(liang)、機電(dian)以及社會災(zai)害等(deng)因素(su)而導(dao)致的(de)安全問題。

軌道交通(tong)的(de)安全(quan)性,對城市發展(zhan)有著不可低估的(de)影響,有必要從經濟學角度對軌道交通(tong)安全(quan)問題作出一些思考。

1軌(gui)道交通安全的“公共產品”特(te)性思考

“公共(gong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)”是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)具(ju)有非(fei)競爭性和排他(ta)性的產(chan)品(pin)(pin)。非(fei)競爭性是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)消(xiao)費(fei)上的非(fei)競爭性,就(jiu)是(shi)同(tong)一單位的公共(gong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)可(ke)以供許多人(ren)(ren)(ren)共(gong)同(tong)消(xiao)費(fei),某些人(ren)(ren)(ren)對該產(chan)品(pin)(pin)的享用(yong),并不影響他(ta)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的享用(yong);排他(ta)性是(shi)指(zhi)(zhi)公共(gong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)一旦提供給公眾,不論何人(ren)(ren)(ren)都可(ke)以享用(yong),任何人(ren)(ren)(ren)不得加以排斥。